1. The Politics of United States Foreign Policy Chapter 6

2. Military History: Past
Small career military
Decentralized
Source for political recruitment

3. Military History: Modern
Greater centralization
National Security Act (1947)
Emergence of a large, professional force
Expansion of size and scope
DOD
Society within society

4. Military: Functions Defense of the government and state
Conduct operations under civilian leadership
Fight and destroy

5. Defense Department
With end of Cold War, every strategic doctrine and weapons system built has to be reevaluated in light of current needs
Department needs to redefine its mission

6. Structure of Defense Department
National Security Act of 1947 created CIA and national Security Council. Also created National Military Establishment (Department of Defense) that consisted of three executive level service departments (Army, Navy and Air Force – in 1952 Marines achieve equal status)
Service departments subordinated to Secretary of Defense
Joint Chief of Staff were to serve as primary advisors to President, NCS, and secretary of defense
DOD is implementer of US military policy and powerful influence in formulation of fp
Secretary of defense also major advisor to president regarding foreign policy
Office of International Security Policy
Office of International Security Affairs
Joint Chiefs provides link between professional military and civilian DOD leadership

7. Organizational Structure
Services: Army, Navy, Marines and Air Force
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS): coordinate strategy
Office of the Secretary of Defense
Ideal: hierarchical pyramid
Reality: fragmented, decentralized

8. Organizational Structure
OSD
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Individual Services
Ideal:
Pyramid:

9. Organizational Structure
Post World War II:
Operational process
Advisory process
Administrative process
OSD
services
JCS

10. Organizational Structure
Post-Goldwater-Nichols:
Administrative
process
OSD
Advisory process
COCOM’s
CJCS
services
Operational
process

11. The Modern Military Establishment
Three key aspects:
Organizational structure and processes
Military subculture
American way of war

12. Organizational Structure: Modern Fragmentation
Causes:
Budget and personnel
Resulting trends:
Information problems
Duplication
Coordination problems

13. Military Subculture: Personnel Characteristics
Managerial style
Procurement and high technology
Preoccupation with careerism
Belief in separation of politics and combat
Concentration in warfare strategy

14. Subculture of DOD officers tend to come from South, Midwest and West
lower-middle class
politically conservative
more religious
manly virtues
rural
each service has own subculture

15. The American Way of War Training and organization
Pre- and following WWII – conventional
Following Korean War – conventional and nuclear
Vietnam – conventional and counterinsurgency
Post Vietnam through 1980’s – counterinsurgency weaknesses

16. Lessons of Vietnam and Grenada
Problems:
Tactics
Equipment
Training
Others?

17. Vietnam and Grenada: Impetus for Reform
Goldwater Nichols Act (1986)
Strengthens chair of JCS
Head of military
Advisor to president
Clarified military operational chain of command
Made joint service of increased significance
Results: coordination, information and duplication problems helped, not remedied

18. DOD in flux? What are implications?
must reorient itself in thinking, weapons, strategic concepts, budgeting, and roles and missions

19. Problems with DOD cut backs low moral
fewer opportunities to rise in the ranks
early retirements
issue of gays in military and women in combat

20. Military Advice Civilian and Military advice on the use of force
Haig and Schultz v. Weinberger
Weinberger-Powell Doctrine
Limitations on presidential choice
Options
expectations

21. Modern Warfare: Military Successes
Panama
Gulf War
Kosovo

22. Modern Warfare: Unconventional
Iraq War
Civilian leadership: Donald Rumsfeld
Influence
Goals
Impact

23. Modern warfare: the current climate
Unconventional wars
Iraq, Afghanistan
Pakistani instability
Military issues
Readiness and waste
Recruitment
Leadership and Morale