1. The Work of Gregor Mendel 11-1

2. Transmission of characteristics from _______________________is called ___________________.
The _________ that studies _____ those
characteristics are _________ from one
generation to the next is called
___________________
parents to offspring
heredity
how
SCIENCE
passed on
Genetics

3. Gregor Mendel The __________________ is _________________,
The __________________ is _________________,
a monk whose _________ of genetic traits was the beginning of our _________________ about _____________________.
Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel
study
understanding
how genes work

4. _______ part of flower makes ___________ (sperm)
Mendel designed
____________ using
__________ in the
monastery garden
_______ part of flower makes
___________ (sperm)
__________ part of flower makes
_______ cells
experiments
Pea plants
MALE
Pollen
FEMALE
egg

5. A _____________________ is called a ____________
Mendel ______________ in peas.
specific characteristic
trait
studied 7 traits
Pearson Education Inc,; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

6. __________ must be able to _______ the other. pair of FACTORS control
Mendel decided that there must be a __________________ that ________each trait and that
__________ must be able to _______ the other.
pair of FACTORS
control
one factor
HIDE

7. We now know that Mendel’s ________________ carried on
the pair of________________
_________________
factors are genes
homologous
chromosomes

8. trait are called ___________.
________ gene
_______ for a
trait are called ___________.
DIFFERENT
CHOICES
ALLELES

9. DOMINANT HIDES RECESSIVE is hidden by
__________________ = An allele that ________ the presence of another allele (Stronger)
__________________ = An allele that __________________ the
presence of another allele (Weaker)
HIDES
RECESSIVE
is hidden by

10. Brown. The blue is hidden by the dominant Brown allele.
Example
If Brown eyes are dominant and blue eyes ressessive and I have the allele for both traits (brown from my mom and Blue from my dad), then what color will my eyes be?
Brown. The blue is hidden by the dominant Brown allele.

11. WHAT DOES MEIOSIS HAVE TO DO WITH IT?

12. REMEMBER Half your traits _____________ ____________
Are made leaving only half Of your chromosomes
= _________________
In Meiosis
Haploid Cells (sex cells)
Half your traits
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13. O T T F F S S E __
What comes next?

14. It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN! (Just like Punnett Squares)9
NINE
O T T F F S S E __ I V E X
EVEN
IGHT N E W O H R E O U R

15. PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2

16. PROBABILITY
____________________ is the __________ that a particular _________________
likelihood
event will occur
It can be written as a:
Fraction ____
Percent ____
Ratio ____
1/4
25%
1:3

17. COIN FLIP 1/2 50% 1:1 There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS
COIN FLIP
There are 2 possible outcomes:
HEADS TAILS
The chance the coin will land on either one is:
____ ____ ____
Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So you can give the probability of passing on traits to offspring
1/2
50%
1:1

18. DOMINANT/RECESSIVE T t capital Dominant Recessive lower-case
_____________ allele is represented by a ____________ letter. (The first letter of the trait)
____________ allele is represented by the SAME
_________________ letter.
EX: Tall = ______
Short =______
capital
Recessive
lower-case T t
NOT S for short

19. HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS
When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________
EX: ____ or ___
When both alleles in the pair are _____________, the organism is
_________________ or _____________
Ex: ____
SAME
HOMOZYGOUS PURE
TT tt
DIFFERENT
HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID Tt

20. PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE
The ________________ of an organism is its _____________EX: Tt, TT, or tt
The ___________of an organism is
its _____________ Ex: Tall or Short
genetic makeup
GENOTYPE
Physical
appearance
PHENOTYPE

21. MAKING A CROSS= showing the possible genotypes of two parents offsprings
A Punnett square for a CROSS looks like this:

22. PUNNETT SQUARES
are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents
_______________ go at
top and on left side
Boxes show ____________ ___________________
Parent alleles
T T T t
possible offspring genotypes

23. STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES
Figure out parent alleles
Put in parent gametes
Fill in offspring combinations
probabilities phenotypes genotypes
1. ___________ what _________________ are
3. ______ possible_______________________
4. ______ boxes with _____________________
5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________

24. T t TALL = ____ SHORT = ____ IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short
LET’S MAKE A CROSS!
PURE TALL PURE SHORT X

25. PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles?
T T _________
HOMOZYGOUS  
What gametes
can it make? T T

26. PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles?
t t _________
HOMOZYGOUS  
What gametes
can it make? t t

27. T t T t T t T t T t ALL _____ of the offspring ____ % ___/4 will be
100 4
T t
T t Tt
TALL
GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______

28. HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles?
T t _________
HETEROZYGOUS  
What gametes
can it make? T t

29. T t T t T t T T T t t t GENOTYPES ¼ = _____ ½ = _____ TT Tt tt 3/4 75
TALL
PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________
____ or ____% _________
1/4 25
SHORT

30. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a CROSS
Tall = ____ Round seeds = ___
Short = ____ Wrinkled seeds = ___ T t r

31. What are the possible gametes?
Homozygous Tall parent =
What gametes can it produce?
T T   T T

32. What are the possible gametes?
PURE wrinkled parent =
What gametes can it produce? rr   r r

33. What are the possible gametes?
Heterozygous Round parent =
What gametes can it produce?
R r   R r

34. What are the possible gametes?
Hybrid Tall parent =
What gametes can it produce? Tt   T t

35. Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3

36. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
ENVIRONMENT influences
____________________________ the ________________________.
= ________________________
Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions.
expression of genes
“Nature vs Nurture”
provide plan
depends environmental

37. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
Some traits have ____________ allele __________
= ____________________
EX: blood type
Allele choices ___ ___ ___
choices
MORE than 2
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A B O

38. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by
____________________________
= __________________
EX: human height intelligence, skin & eye color
MORE THAN ONE GENE
POLYGENIC TRAIT

39. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes
MORE than
ONE gene
many
in-between
There aren’t just SMART people
and DUMB people….
there is a ________________
of intelligences in-between
whole range

40. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
CO-DOMINANCE

41. COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant masks recessive
__________ allele _______ the ___________ one
Dominant allele COMPLETELY blocks the recessive
THIS IS WHAT WE HAVE ALREADY LEARNED AND WILL BE THE MOST IMPORTANT!!!!!!!

42. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
_____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait
THINK OF THIS LIKE
MIXING PAINT,
ESPECIALLY FLOWERS
Heterozygous
BLENDED
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43. CO-DOMINANCE
BOTH
_______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote
SAME TIME
NO BLENDING
A zebra is not gray. Instead it has an allele for white skin and an allele for black skin.
THINK STRIPES OR SPOTS

44. CO-DOMINANCE
Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

45. The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes
BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
_____ ____ ____ A B O

46. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins
on its surface

47. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a
different “B” glycoprotein
on its surface

48. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

49. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH
glycoproteins on its surface

50. PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE)
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O AB

51. A and AB see A as “like me” as Different!
DONOR BLOOD
A and AB see A as “like me”
B and O see A
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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52. B and AB see B as “like me” as Different!
DONOR BLOOD
B and AB see B as “like me”
A and O see B
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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53. O ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________
DONOR BLOOD O
____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= _____________________
Nothing on surface to
recognize as “NOT SELF”
UNIVERSAL DONOR
YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE!
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54. Only AB sees AB as “like me”
DONOR BLOOD
Only AB sees AB as “like me”
A, B, and O see AB as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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55. AB can only GIVE to AB BUT . . .
______ can RECEIVE FROM
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= ________________________
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
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56. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA
40% B
10% AB 4% O
46%

57. Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________
All other chromosomes = _________________
Sex chromosomes
autosomes
Humans have two sex chromosomes
and _____ autosomes X y 44

58. SEX DETERMINATION
XX =
female
Xy =
male

59. Who decides? X X Mom can give X X Dad can give X or y y X X X X X y
SO ____ determines sex of the baby.
If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl
If dad give y with mom’s X = boy

60. COLORBLINDNESS Color vision Red-green
CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for _______________ carried on X chromosome
Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors.
_________________
colorblindness is most common
Seen in 1 in 10 males
1 in 100 females
Color vision
Red-green

61. Or Males ONLY HAVE ONE X They either have the They are disorder normal
DEFECTIVE
NORMAL
They either
have the
disorder
They are
normal Or

62. Females __________ defective recessive alleles to show the disorder
FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES
DEFECTIVE
NORMAL
DEFECTIVE
Females have one normal gene that works.
Females __________ defective recessive
alleles to show the
disorder
need 2

63. The X chromosome in males . . .
flies WITHOUT a copilot!
. . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

64. CARRIER A heterozygous person who carries a recessive
allele for a genetic disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves
is called a
_____________
doesn’t
CARRIER