1. Meningococcal infection Part 1
Lecturer
Bynda Tatyana

2. Professional motivation
Meningococcal infection - is a hard disease, mostly occurs in children under 5 years old (70% of cases), because of bad immune reactivity.
During last decades meningococcemia or combined forms has increased, they lead to unfavourable results more often.

3. Professional motivation
Prognoses of the disease, mortality depend on in time diagnostic, hospitalization and treatment.
It requires from the doctor to know diagnostic criterion’s duration, treatment and prevention of this pathology.

4. Meningococcal infection
Meningococcal infection is an acute infectious disease characterized by a variety of clinical forms, from nasopharyngitis to extensive forms such as meningococcemia, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and more rarely with involvement of other organs and systems.

5. Etiology:
The causative agent of the infection is a Gram-negative diplococcus from a species Neisseria meningitides (Weichselbaum’s meningococcus), which is divided into 13 groups (A, B, C, D, Z, X, and Y) according to antigenic structure.

7. Etiology:
Most often the disease is caused by a meningococcus of group A, in recent years of groups B and C.
Epidemic outbreaks of the disease are associated with the type A.

8. Etiology: Toxic properties of meningococcus are due to endotoxin
Meningococcus is very unstable in external environment and outside the human body dies in 30 minutes.
Toxic properties of meningococcus are due to endotoxin
Meningococcus grows on nutrient medium containing human protein (blood serum or ascitic fluid) .

9. Epidemiology The sources of infection are patient and carriers
who expel the causative agent with the secretions from the nasopharynx and upper respiratory passages (sneezing, coughing, speaking).

10. Epidemiology
Infection is usually conveyed by the aerial-droplet route, direct contact.
The susceptibility of man to meningococcal infection is slight.
The susceptibility index does not exceed %.
Only 15% of contact persons may be infected, 98% of them become carriers, only 2% - ill.

11. Susceptibility
Susceptibility is high in children months - 5 years old.
The highest incidence - in Africa, especially in Central and Western (so-called "meningitis belt").

12. Susceptibility
Meningococcal disease occurs in 155 countries around the world Every years there has been increasing of morbidity Morbidity :
in Europe - 5 to population
Africa to population
in Ukraine to population

13. Epidemiology Seasonal elevations are noted in winter and spring.
Nowadays meningococcal infection occurs sporadically
Postinfectious immunity is stable
The meningococcal infection is characterized by periodic rises of the incidence 10–15 years or longer.

14. Pathogenesis
1. Inoculations and reproduction of bacteria in upper respiratory tract.
The portal of entry is the nasopharyngeal mucosa.
2. Local inflammation, lymphoid tissue hyperplasia (nasopharyngitis).
3. Bacteraemia, dissemination.
4. Toxemia (meningococcemia).
5. Rupture of hematoencephalic barrier (meningitis, meningoencephalitis).

16. Meningococcal Infections
The incubation period lasts for 3–5 days on average
(maximum 10 days).

17. Classification of Meningococcal Infection:
Localized forms
Meningococcal carrying,
Acute nasopharyngitis;
Generalized forms

18. Classification of Meningococcal Infection:
Generalized forms
Typical
meningococcemia,
meningitis,
meningoencephalitis.
Combined (or mixed) forms
(meningitis + meningococcemia
or meningoencephalitis +
meningococcemia).
Atypical
fulminant form
chronic meningococcemia

19. Classification of Meningococcal Infections:
Rare forms
endocarditis,
arthritis,
pneumonia,
iridocyclitis.

20. How to word a diagnosis (an example):
Meningococcal infection, localized form, acute nasopharyngitis.
Meningococcal infection, generalized, typical, combined form: meningitis, meningococcemia.

21. Nasopharyngitis
The most frequent form of the manifest meningococcal infection is nasopharyngitis.
Nasopharyngitis is characterized by
an acute onset,
absence of general toxicosis, subfebrile body temperature,
headache,
catarrhal syndrome.

22. Nasopharyngitis: catarrhal syndrome
painful swallowing,
hyperemia of the nasopharyngeal mucosa and hyperplasia of lymphoid nodes,
rhinitis with scanty discharge, and
difficult nasal breathing.
The course is favorable, and the patient recovers in 5-7 days, but in 30-40% of cases it may transform into an extensive form.

23. Meningococcemia is characterized by the most acute onset.
The parents always know the exact time when the child fell ill.
Toxicosis is extremely marked since the first hours.
The temperature elevates up to 39-40°C; there is sudden fatigue, motionlessness, headaches, and hyperesthesia of the skin.

24. Meningococcemia
Sometimes before hemorrhagic eruption, there are roseolas and papules, which disappear during the 2nd day.
It complicates making diagnosis and may lead to a false diagnosis.

25. Meningococcemia
Eruption develops 6-12 hours, sometimes about 24 hours after the beginning of the disease.
Most often, the first eruption is localized on the buttocks, posterior surface of the thighs and shins, and then spread to the whole body very quickly.

26. Lesions are more common on the trunk and extremities but may also occurs on the palms, soles and mucosa.

27. Meningococcemia
The eruption is hemorrhagic, from petechiae to large hemorrhages, star-shaped, with necrosis in the center, and uneven ragged edges.

31. Meningococcemia
In extensive and deep necrosis there is rejection of necrotic parts of the tissues; there may be necrosis of finger-tips, hands, auricles, and feet.

34. Meningococcemia
There may be hemorrhages into the joints, sclerae, and parenchymatous organs.

35. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
In Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, the clinical signs of septic shock develop during several hours; there is much hemorrhagic eruption on the face The eruption develops very quickly.
Consciousness is impaired rapidly, from somnolence to sopor.
Tachycardia, arterial hypotonia, decreased diuresis are quite marked.