1. Unit 13 Treatments

2. Psychotherapy
An interaction between a trained therapist and someone suffering from psychological difficulties.

3. Biomedical

4. Eclectic Approach
The most popular form of therapy- it is basically a buffet where the therapist combines techniques from different schools of psychology.

5. Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic therapist try to understand a patients current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship.

6. Psychoanalysis Freud's therapy.
Freud used free association, hypnosis and dream interpretation to gain insight into the client’s unconscious.

7. Psychoanalytic Techniques
Free Association
Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts
Interpretation
Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed
Dream Analysis
Therapist uses the “royal road to the unconscious” to bring unconscious material to light

8. Psychoanalytic Methods
Psychotherapists use their techniques to overcome resistance by the client.
The psychoanalyst wants you to become aware of the resistance and together interpret (ex. Latent content) it’s underlying meaning.

9. Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.

10. Humanistic
Focuses of people’s potential for self-fulfillment (self-actualization).
Basic themes of Humanistic therapy:
*The present and future more than the past.
*Consciousness rather than unconscious thoughts.
*Promoting growth instead of curing illness
Those in therapy become “clients” rather than patients.

11. Client (Person) Centered Therapy
Most widely used Humanistic technique is:
Client (Person) Centered Therapy
Developed by Carl Rogers
Therapist should use genuineness, acceptance and empathy to show unconditional positive regard towards their clients. Ask me to click on an example.

12. Active Listening Central to Roger’s client-centered therapy
Empathetic listening where the listener echoes, restates and clarifies.
Paraphrase. Instead of saying “I know how you feel” summarize the speakers words in your own words.
Invite Clarification: “ What might be an example of that?”
Reflect feelings: “it sounds frustrating”

13. Behavioral Therapies
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
HMMMM…………………The behaviors are the problems- so we must change the behaviors.

14. Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counter conditioning:
A behavioral therapy that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.
Two Types: Exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

15. Exposure Therapy: Systematic Desensitization
A type of counter conditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.

16. Exposure Therapy: Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

17. Aversive Conditioning
A type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

18. Aversive Conditioning
What are some ways you can change the behaviors of your friends with aversive conditioning?

19. Operant Conditioning: using positive and negative reinforcers for desired behavior.
Token Economy: an operant conditioning procedure that rewards a desired behavior.

20. Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck, changing castastrophizing beliefs about themselves, their situations and their futures. Gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking,, and then persuade people to remove the dark glasses through which they view life
We often think in words: therefore, getting people to change what they say to themselves is an effective way to change their thinking.

21. Irrational Ideas REBT Therapy Albert Ellis and his REBT therapy:
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
Irrational Ideas

22. Group and Family Therapies
Group therapy saves money and great for family conflicts. It also allows people to realize there are other people out there with same problems.
Family Therapy: Assumes that no person is an island, that we live and grow in relation to others, especially our families.
Grandparent of support groups, Alcoholics Anonymous

23. Does therapy work?
The results of many such studies are then digested by a means of meta-analysis, a statistical procedure that combines the conclusions of a large number of different studies.
Bottom Line: meta-analysis gives us the bottom-line results of a lot of studies.

24. Alternative Therapies
Light Exposure Therapy: Have you ever found yourself oversleeping, gaining weight and feeling lethargic during winter? You might have SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)

25. Biological Approach or Biomedical Therapy
Physically changing the brain’s functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs, or affecting its circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery.

26. Antipsychotic Drugs
Such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine) dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. It helps positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
The molecules are similar to dopamine to occupy its receptor sites and block its activity. Suggested that overabundance of dopamine contributes to schizophrenia. These medications are strong and can also produce tardive dyskesia (involuntary movements of the facial muscles)

27. Antianxiety Drugs
Like alcohol, antianxiety drugs, such as xanax or ativan depresses the central nervous system. However, does not help the CAUSE of the problem.

28. Antidepressant Drugs
Ability to lift people up from a state of depression. They work by increasing the availability of nor epinephrine or serotonin, neurotransmitters that elevate arousal and mood.

29. Antidepressant Drugs
Is there another way to do this without medications?
Aerobic Exercise and Cognitive Therapy
Suicides and correlation to Antidepressants? Not really, Prozac users who commit suicide are like cell-phone users who get brain cancer. Millions of people taking Prozac and using cell phones.

30. Antidepressant Drugs
Mood-Stabilizing Medications: The simple salt lithium can be an effective mood stabilizer for those suffering emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder.

31. Electroconvulsive therapy
Shock treatment for severe depression. Produces seizures. It is like restarting your computer, which solves many a problem even if you don’t know why.

32. Alternative Nuerostimulation Therapies
Magnetic Stimulation: pulses surge through a magnetic coil called Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or TMS
Psychosurgery: Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue. Lobotomy: used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The Dr. would shock the patient into a coma, hammer an ice pick through each eye socket into the brain, and then wiggle it to sever connections running up to the frontal lobes.

33. Ethics
Clients need enough information about the counseling process to be able to make informed choices
Educate clients about their rights and responsibilities
Confidentiality is essential but not absolute
Exceptions:
The client poses a danger to others or self
A client under the age of 16 is the victim of abuse
The client needs to be hospitalized
The information is made an issue in a court action
The client requests a release of record

34. 1st Interview 15%: Chief Complain and free speech
30%: Pursue specific diagnoses; ask about suicide, history of violence, and substance abuse
15%: Medical History, review of systems, family history
25%: Personal and social history, evaluate character pathology
10%: Mental Status Evaluation
5%: Discuss diagnosis and treatment with patient; plan next meeting