1. Promoting Environmental Health
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Learning Outcomes
Explain the environmental impact associated with global population growth.
Discuss major causes of air pollution and the consequences of the accumulation of greenhouse gases and ozone depletion.
Identify sources of water pollution and chemical contaminants often found in water.
Distinguish municipal solid waste from hazardous waste and list strategies for reducing land pollution.
Discuss the health concerns associated with ionizing and nonionizing radiation.
Describe the physiological consequences of noise pollution and how to prevent or reduce its effects.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. The Threat of Overpopulation
Bursting with People: Measuring the Impact
Impact on other species
Impact on our food supply
Land degradation and contamination of drinking water
Energy consumption
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Estimated and Projected World Population Growth, 1950–2100
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. The Threat of Overpopulation (cont.)
Factors that Affect Population Growth
Fertility rate refers to the number of births a woman has by the end of her reproductive period.
Global fertility rate is an average of 2.5 births per woman. The U.S. rate is just over 2 births per woman.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
This is the idea that each couple should produce only two offspring.
Differing Growth Rates
India is expected to have the largest growth by adding another 600 million people by 2050.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Selected Total Fertility Rates Worldwide—2013 Estimates
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Air Pollution
Pollutants are either naturally occurring or anthropogenic (caused by humans).
Natural air pollutants include particulate matter, such as ash from volcanic eruptions.
Anthropogenic sources include stationary sources such as power plants, factories, and refineries, and mobile sources, such as vehicles, planes, trains, and watercraft.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Components of Air Pollution
Concern about air quality resulted in the Clean Air Act. It sets standards for six of the most widespread air pollutants that seriously affect health:
Sulfur dioxide
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Ground level ozone
Lead
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Photochemical Smog
Smog is a brownish haze produced by photochemical reaction of sunlight with hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, and other gases in vehicle exhaust.
Sometimes called ozone pollution.
It tends to occur in areas that experience a temperature inversion.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Air Quality Index (AQI)
The AQI is a measure of how clean or polluted the air is on any given day.
The AQI focuses on health effects that can happen within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air.
Index runs from 0 to 500, with higher values having a greater level of air pollution and health risk.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Sources, Health Effects, and Welfare Effects for Major Air Pollutants
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Air Quality Index (AQI)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Acid Deposition and Acid Rain
Acid deposition is replacing the term acid rain.
It refers to the deposition of wet and dry acidic components that fall to the earth in dust or smoke.
Acid deposition gradually acidifies ponds, lakes, and other bodies of water.
It aggravates and may even cause bronchitis, asthma, and other respiratory conditions.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Indoor Air Pollution
Indoor air can be 10 to 40 times more hazardous than outdoor air.
Indoor air pollution comes primarily from cooking stoves and furnaces, woodstoves, space heaters, household cleaners and solvents, pesticides, passive cigarette smoke exposure, asbestos, formaldehyde, radon, and lead.
Mold is an emerging form of air pollutant.
Prevention focuses on source control, ventilation improvements, and air cleaners.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Environmental Tobacco Smoke
The level of carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke in an enclosed space can be 4,000 times higher than that allowed in the clean air standard established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
It contains more than 50 carcinogens.
Itchy eyes, breathing difficulties, headaches, nausea, and dizziness often occur in those with sensitivities.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. Home Heating
Woodstoves emit significant levels of particulates and carbon monoxide in addition to other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide.
Homes with woodstoves should make sure the stove is properly installed, vented, and maintained.
Gas and oil-fired furnaces also need proper installation, ventilation, and maintenance.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Asbestos
Asbestos is a mineral compound often bonded to other materials where it is relatively harmless.
But if tiny fibers become loose, they can embed in lungs and lead to cancer of the lungs, stomach, and chest lining and other life-threatening diseases called mesothelioma and asbestosis.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Indoor Air Pollution (cont.)
Exposure to formaldehyde can cause respiratory problems, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and rashes.
Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, after smoking, each year.
Lead exposure affects the circulatory, reproductive, urinary tract, kidneys, and nervous systems.
Mold exposure causes nasal stuffiness, eye/skin irritation, wheezing, fever, and shortness of breath.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Ozone Layer Depletion
The ozone layer protects the planet and its inhabitants from ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contribute to ozone depletion.
They were used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and cleaning solvents and also in medical sterilizers, rigid foam insulation, and Styrofoam.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Climate Change Global Warming
An enhanced greenhouse effect is a warming of Earth's surface as a direct result of human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping more of the sun's radiation than is normal.
This causes increasing surface temperatures, perhaps by 5–10 degrees, and the rise will continue unless immediate preventive steps are taken.
Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, CFCs, and hydrocarbons.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Climate Change (cont.)
Scientific Evidence of Climate Change and Human-Caused Global Warming
Climate Change Challenges
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. ABC News Video: Snowstorms in the Forecast
Discussion Questions
What impact will global warming have on the climate within the next century?
Explain why the U.S. is headed for less snow and more blizzards.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. Reducing the Threat of Global Warming
Climate change problems are rooted in our energy, transportation, and industrial practices.
Toward Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Water Pollution and Shortages
Point source pollutants enter a waterway at a specific location through a pipe, ditch, culvert, or other conduit.
Major sources are sewage treatment plants and industrial facilities.
Nonpoint source pollutants seep into waterways from broad areas of land.
Major sources are the result of land use practices.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Water Contamination
Among the pollutants causing the greatest potential harm are the following:
Gasoline and petroleum products
Chemical contaminants
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Dioxins
Pesticides
Lead
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. ABC News Video: Americans' Obsession with Bottled Water
Discussion Questions
What marketing and advertising methods have been employed to get people to purchase bottled water? What are the drawbacks of drinking bottled water? What are the advantages of drinking bottled water?
Discuss the environmental, financial, and health impacts of drinking bottled water versus tap water. Who benefits from the sale and purchase of bottled water?
If you were to create a public service announcement to advocate drinking tap water instead of bottled water, what claims would you make or what information would you include in your public service announcement?
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Solid Waste
Per day, each person generates more than 4.4 pounds of municipal solid waste (MSW), totaling about 250 million tons each year.
About 90 percent of waste is recyclable, but only 34.7 percent of MSW is recycled or composted.
Strategies to reduce MSW include source reduction, recycling, composting, and combustion with energy recovery.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. What's in Our Trash?
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. How Much Do We Recycle?
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. ABC News Video: Crack Those Recycling Codes
Discussion Questions
Why is the phrase "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" particularly important for plastics?
Why do you think the rate of recycling single-use water bottles is down?
Why is the great Pacific garbage patch an environmental danger?
Which number of plastic is dangerous for use and recycling?
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste is toxic waste that poses a hazard to humans or to the environment.
The Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability Act was enacted to provide funds for cleaning up hazardous waste.
Many types of waste are now banned from land disposal or are being treated to reduce toxicity before disposal.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Radiation Nonionizing Radiation
Electromagnetic waves having a relatively long wavelength and enough energy to move atoms around or cause them to vibrate.
Ionizing Radiation
Electromagnetic waves and particles having a short wavelength and energy high enough to ionize atoms.
Radiation exposure is measured in radiation absorbed doses, or rads.
The maximum "safe" exposure ranges from 0.05 to 5 rads per year.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Nuclear Power Plants
Proponents believe it is a safe and efficient way to generate electricity.
Disposal of nuclear waste is extremely problematic.
A nuclear meltdown can occur when the temperature in the core of a nuclear reactor increases enough to melt both the nuclear fuel and its containment vessel.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Noise Pollution
A sound with a decibel (dB) level of 110 is 10 times louder than one at 100 dB.
The human voice measures about 60 dB; a jet takeoff from 200 feet measures 140 dB.
Short-term exposure to loud noise reduces concentration and productivity and may affect mental and emotional health.
Prolonged exposure can lead to hearing loss.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Noise Levels of Various Sounds (in Decibels)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. Noise Pollution To protect your hearing
Use headphones that go over, rather than inside your ears, and don't crank up the volume.
Always use ear protection when using power equipment or firearms.
Close windows to establish a barrier between yourself and outside noise.
Wear earplugs when attending loud concerts and clubs.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.