1. Energy Audit Best Practices
3rd Annual E Source Major Accounts
Training Conference and Summit
May 9-11, Boston, Massachusetts
Kelly Kissock Ph.D. P.E.
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio
Principal: Go Sustainable Energy

2. Energy Assessment Experience
Director: University of Dayton Industrial Assessment Center
25 no-cost assessments per year for mid-sized industries
Clients report saving average of $100,000 per year
Director: University of Dayton Building Energy Center
Energy assessments and analysis for residential, commercial, and institutional buildings
Principal: Go Sustainable Energy
Energy assessments for commercial, industrial, institutional facilities:
Clients include Ford, Corning, Johns Manville, Cargill, Scotts, Delphi …
U.S. D.O.E. Certified Qualified Specialist and Energy Expert
Compressed air
Process heating
Trained energy consulting firms, utilities, industries and government agencies in US and abroad.
Awards:
2003 U.S. D.O.E Center of Excellence Award
2006 Ohio Governors Award for Energy Excellence

3. Purposes of an Energy Audit
Provide specific advice on current savings opportunities
Educate client to help manage energy costs over long term
Foster healthy and productive long-term relationship

4. Organizing an Audit Preparation Site visit Analysis and reporting
Follow up

5. Preparation: Define Expectations
Goal to identify and quantify energy saving opportunities - not final design
Work together
Confidentiality

6. Preparation: Data Request
Balance value of data versus client time and perceptions
Typical pre-assessment data:
Two years of billing data
Production/sales/occupancy data
Major energy-using equipment and control systems
Facility layout/plan

7. Preparation Summarize rate schedule and disaggregate costs
Calculate avoided cost
Verify billing amounts
Graph and analyze trends and relationships
Identify potential savings opportunities
Define roles within assessment team

8. Site Visit Briefing and billing analysis Facility walk-through
On-site data collection
Debriefing

9. Initial Briefing: Teamwork
Include upper management
Two stories to promote teamwork
Client’s advantage: you know this facility
Auditor’s advantage: seen lots of facilities
Auditor’s job: identify and quantify savings opportunities
Client’s job: determine if ideas work within multiple constraints
Most productive if work together

10. Initial Briefing: Utility Analysis
Structure
Explain rate structure as it relates to client
Show client how to use rate structure to their advantage
Show client how to use billing analysis to understand their processes and facilities
Purpose
Develop credibility
Lead client into discussion of processes and facilities

11. Explain Rate Structure As It Relates to Client
Service: $95 /month
Energy: $ /kWh (base)
$0.012 /kWh (approximate fuel adjustment)
$ /kWh (PIP)
$ /kWh
Demand: $13.86 /kW-month
Greatest energy use during any 30 minute period
Greatest of:
100% of on-peak (weekdays: 8 am to 8 pm)
75% of off-peak (all other times)
75% of max in last 11 months
Power Factor: $0.30 /kVAr-month
PF charge = {$0.3 x Tan[ArcCos(PF)]} / kW saved

12. Disaggregate Costs Demand/Energy = 50/50 Typical Demand/Energy = 60/40
One shift operation
High demand cost
Demand/Energy = 40/60
Three shift operation
High energy cost

13. Determine Cost of Avoided Energy
Avoided cost electricity
Energy: $0.023 /kWh
Demand: $11.23 /kW
Average: $0.071 /kWh
Avoided cost of natural gas
Winter: $10.43 /mmBtu
Summer: $8.43 /mmBtu
Annual: $9.33 /mmBtu

14. Verify Billing Amounts

15. Billing Analysis: Every Picture Tells a Story…

16. Tell Demand and Energy Story

17. Quick Electrical Demand Breakdown
Draw line through winter demand
Below line is “production”, above is “air conditioning”
Ex: Summer = 4,700 kW, Winter = 3,900 kW AC = 800 kW
SEER 10 = 1.2 kW/ton; kW = 670 tons AC

18. Quick Electricity Use Breakdown
Draw line through winter energy use
Below line is “production”, above is “air conditioning”
Ex: Winter = 78,000 kWh/day Average = 83,000 kWh/day
Frac Prod = 78,000 / 83,000 = 94% Frac AC = 6%

19. Quick Natural Gas Use Breakdown
Draw line through summer energy use
Below line is “production”, above is “space heating”
Ex: Summer = 310 Mcf/dy Average = 430 Mcf/dy
Frac Prod = 310 / 430 = 72% Frac Space Heat = 28%

20. Energy Breakdowns By Equipment

21. Use Energy Breakdowns To…
Target areas for investigation
Savings potential is related to load/use
Screen savings opportunities
Estimate annual savings
Imp cost = simple payback x savings

22. Graph Energy vs Temperature
R2 = CV-RMSE = 7.5%

23. Graph Energy vs Production
R2 = CV-RMSE = 9.2%

24. Use Graphs To Identify: Departure From Expected Shape
Economizer malfunctioning!
R2 = CV-RMSE = 7.8%

25. Use Graphs to Identify: Non-Production Related Energy Use
Equipment Left On!
R2 = CV-RMSE = 22.5%

26. Use Graphs to Identify: Control Opportunities
Observation
Heating Energy Varies by 3X at Same Temp!
Discovery
Didn’t close shipping doors!
R2 = CV-RMSE = 67.6%

27. Or to Identify Well Controlled Facility…
R2 = CV-RMSE = 1.1%

28. Other Savings Opportunities
Primary/secondary service
Secondary < 1,000 kVA < Primary
Power factor correction
Capacitors cost about $30 /kVAR
Demand reduction potential
Demand potential if 2+ shifts per day with unbalanced demand

29. Facility Walk Through Generate list of possible savings opportunities
See everything but focus on energy
Safety
Stay on task
Consolidate ideas and plan next steps
Prioritize savings opportunities
Pursue all opportunities you believe in
Write equations for quantifying savings to guide data collection effort

30. On-site Data Collection
Safety
Make measurements and observations to quantify opportunities
Photographs
Talk to as many levels of personnel as possible

31. Debriefing Include upper management Describe savings opportunities
Answer questions
Sell ideas and education throughout site visit

32. Analysis and Reporting
Purposes and Format
Documentation
Delivery

33. Final Report: Purposes and Format
Document current energy using practices
Identify and quantify saving opportunities
Format - should support purposes
Executive summary
Savings summary table
Current energy use practices
Savings calculations
Implementation

34. Final Report: Savings Opportunities
Energy savings opportunities
Calculate savings (most important)
Implementation cost (ask for client’s help)
Consider how to handle synergistic effects

35. Final Report: Writing Style
Use first person to identify what you did
Write completely and concisely
Every number and calculation documented
No word removed without losing information
Test
Client able to read, understand, agree/disagree, and modify

36. Final Report: Delivery
How?
Deliver report and ask for feedback
Present report
Revise report
Final report
When?
As soon as possible
Helps client
Reduces errors and omissions

37. Follow-up Initial phone call to answer questions
Implementation results
Determine which recommendations implemented
Assess overall satisfaction with service
Savings measurement and continued support

38. Summary Preparation: sets stage for everything that follows Site visit
Set expectations
Credibility
Build on your strengths: rate structures and billing analysis
Site visit
Create “team” philosophy
Manage time effectively so you “bring home the bacon”
Communicate and sell ideas throughout assessment
Analysis and reporting
Broad and thorough
Follow up
Learn from feedback

39. Thank you! questions to Kelly Kissock kkissock@udayton.edu

40. Site Visit Initial briefing Facility walk-through Break
Include upper management
Agree on agenda and deliverables
Roles:
Your advantage: you know this facility
My advantage: seen lots of facilities
Most productive if work together
My role is identify and quantify possible savings opportunities
Their role is determine if it can work within multiple constraints, much more difficult
Discuss utility analysis
Facility walk-through
Generate list of possible savings opportunities
Safety
Stay on task
Break
Identify all savings opportunities
Prioritize savings opportunities
Write equations for quantifying savings to guide data collection effort
On-site data collection
Make measurements and observations to quantify opportunities
Talk to as many levels of personnel as possible
Debriefing with upper management
Describe savings opportunities
Sell ideas and education throughout site visit

41. Final Report Purposes Format Energy savings opportunities
Document current energy using practices
Identify and quantify energy saving opportunities
Format
Executive summary
Savings summary
Energy use practices
Detailed calculations
Energy savings opportunities
Calculate savings
Estimate implementation cost (ask for help)
Calculate simple payback
Consider synergistic effects
Write completely and concisely
Completely, every number and calculation documented
Use first person to identify what you did
Should be able to read each analysis and say yes I agree or no because of this.
Concisely, no word could be removed without changing meaning
Deliver report as soon as possible

42. Outdoor Air Temperature Data