1. over Machine and Citizen Sensing
Active Perception
over Machine and Citizen Sensing
Cory Henson and Amit Sheth
Kno.e.sis – Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing
Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA

2. A cross-country flight from New York to Los Angeles on a Boeing 737 plane generates a massive 240 terabytes of data
- GigaOmni Media

3. In the next few years, sensors networks will produce
10-20 times the amount of generated by social media
- GigaOmni Media

4. * Formally described in a sensor/observation ontology
For example, both people and machines are capable of observing qualities, such as redness.
observes
Observer
Quality
* Formally described in a sensor/observation ontology

5. Sensor and Sensor Network (SSN) Ontology

6. * Formally described in domain ontologies (and knowledge bases)
The ability to perceive is afforded through the use of background knowledge, relating observable qualities to entities in the world.
Quality
* Formally described in domain ontologies
(and knowledge bases)
inheres in
Entity

8. With the help of sophisticated inference, both people and machines are also capable of perceiving entities, such as apples.
perceives
Perceiver
Entity
the ability to degrade gracefully with incomplete information
the ability to minimize explanations based on new information
the ability to reason over data on the Web
fast (tractable)

9. Parsimonious Covering Theory (PCT)
minimize
explanations
tractable
degrade gracefully
Web reasoning
Parsimonious Covering Theory (PCT)
Web Ontology
Language (OWL)

10. Conversion of PCT to OWL 2 (EL)
Parsimonious
Covering Theory
(Abductive Logic) *
OWL-DL
Cory Henson, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Amit Sheth, Pascal Hitzler. Representation of Parsimonious Covering Theory in OWL-DL. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on OWL: Experiences and Directions (OWLED 2011), San Francisco, CA, United States, June 5-6, 2011.

11. Traditionally called the Perception Cycle (or Active Perception)
The ability to perceive efficiently is afforded through the cyclical exchange of information between observers and perceivers.
Observer
sends
observation
sends
focus
Traditionally called the Perception Cycle
(or Active Perception)
Perceiver

12. Nessier’s Perception Cycle

13. Cognitive Theory of Perception (timeline)
1970’s - Perception is an active, cyclical process of exploration and interpretation
- Nessier’s Perception Cycle
1980’s - The perception cycle is driven by background knowledge in order to generate and test hypotheses.
- Richard Gregory (optical illusions)
1990’s - In order to effectively test hypotheses, some observations are more informative than others.
- Norwich’s Entropy Theory of Perception

14. Integrated together, we have an general model – capable of abstraction – relating observers, perceivers, and background knowledge.
observes
Observer
Quality
sends
observation
sends
focus
inheres in
perceives
Perceiver
Entity

15. i
ntelleg
“to perceive”

16. Application of
Traffic
Weather

17. Traffic Application

18. Detection of events, such as blizzards, from weather station observations on LinkedSensorData
Weather Application
50% savings in resource requirements needed for detection

19. http://semantic-sensor-web.com thank you, and please visit us at
Kno.e.sis – Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing
Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA