1. Great notes for each chapter

2. Sectors of Industry !

3. These industries are then often grouped into three sectors:
Businesses can be classified (grouped together) in different ways. One way is to group them by INDUSTRY.
Retailing Industry Education Industry Agriculture Industry
These industries are then often grouped into three sectors:
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

4. Primary Sector
The Primary Sector is that part of the economy where businesses grow, collect, mine, or cut down raw materials.
Raw materials are needed to make other goods and services – wheat, pork, fish, timber, coal, oil and gas . . .

5. Secondary Sector (aka “the Manufacturing Sector”)
The Secondary Sector is that part of the economy where businesses take the raw materials produced in the Primary Sector and transform them into goods.
Goods are physical products that can be seen + touched.

6. Tertiary Sector (aka “the Service Sector”)
The Tertiary Sector is that part of the economy where businesses produce services.
Services are non-physical products that cannot be touched or stored like a haircut or a train journey

7. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary industries are linked together in a
Chain of Production
Chain of Production is the various production stages through which a product passes before being sold to a consumer.

8. Importance of Economic Sectors
In developing countries, primary industries employ many people than secondary or tertiary industries. These tend to be countries where the secondary industry has only recently been established. As most people still live in rural areas with low incomes, there is little demand for a tertiary industry.
In developed countries, secondary industries were established many years ago. The secondary and tertiary sectors are likely to employ many more workers than the primary sector. In developed countries, it is common that manufactured goods are imported from elsewhere. Most of the workers will be employed in the tertiary sector.
Industrialization-the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
De-industrialisation- It is when there is a decline in the importance of the secondary, manufacturing sector of industry in a country.

9. Industrialization: a country is moving from the primary sector to the secondary sector.
De-industrialization: a country is moving from the secondary sector to the tertiary sector. In both cases, these processes both earn the country more revenue.

10. Types of economies Free market economy: Advantages:
All businesses are owned by the private sector. No government intervention.
Advantages:
Consumers have a lot of choice
High motivation for workers
Competition keeps prices low
Incentive for other businesses to set up and make profits

11. Not all products will be available for everybody, especially the poor
Disadvantages:
Not all products will be available for everybody, especially the poor
No government intervention means uncontrollable economic booms or recessions
Monopolies could be set up limiting consumer choice and exploiting them

12. Command/Planned economy:
All businesses are owned by the public sector. Total government intervention. Fixed wages for everyone. Private property is not allowed.
Advantages:
Eliminates any waste from competition between businesses (e.g. advertising the same product)
Employment for everybody
All needs are met (although no luxury goods)

13. Disadvantages: Little motivation for workers
Little motivation for workers
The government might produce things people don't want to buy
Low incentive for firms (no profit) leads to low efficiency

14. Mixed economy:
Businesses belong to both the private and public sector. Government controls part of the economy.
Industries under government ownership:
health
education
defense
public transport
water & electricity

16. Privatization Advantages:
Privatization involves the government selling national businesses to the private sector to increase output and efficiency.
Advantages:
New incentive (profit) encourages the business to be more efficient
Competition lowers prices
Individuals have more capital than the government
Business decisions are for efficiency, not government popularity
Privatization raises money for the government

17. Disadvantages: Essential businesses making losses will be closed
Workers could be made redundant for the sake of profit
Businesses could become monopolies, leading to higher price

18. Comparing the size of businesses
Businesses vary in size, and there are some ways to measure them. For some people, this information could be very useful:
Investors - how safe it is to invest in businesses
Government - tax
Competitors - compare their firm with other firms
Workers - job security, how many people they will be working with
Banks - can they get a loan back from a business.

19. Ways of measuring the size of a business:
Number of employees. Does not work on capital intensive firms that use machinery.
Value of output. Does not take into account people employed. Does not take into account sales revenue.
Value of sales. Does not take into account people employed.
Capital employed. Does not work on labour intensive firms. High capital but low output means low efficiency. You cannot measure a businesses size by its profit, because profit depends on too many factors not just the size of the firm.

20. Business Growth
All owners want their businesses to expand. They reap these benefits:
Higher profits
More status, power and salary for managers
Low average costs (economies of scale)
Higher market share

21. Types of expansion OR Growth :
Internal Growth: Organic growth. Growth paid for by owners capital or retained profits.
External Growth: Growth by taking over or merging with another business.
Types of Mergers (and main benefits):
Horizontal Merger: merging with a business in the same business sector.
Reduces no. of competitors in industry
Economies of scale
Increase market share

23. Vertical merger: Forward vertical merger: Assured outlet for products
Assured outlet for products
Profit made by retailer is absorbed by manufacturer
Prevent retailer from selling products of other businesses
Market research on customers transferred directly to the manufacturer
Backward vertical merger:
Constant supply of raw materials
Profit from primary sector business is absorbed by manufacturer
Prevent supplier from supplying other businesses
Controlled cost of raw materials

25. Conglomerate merger:
Spreads risks
Transfer of new ideas from one section of the business to another

27. Test your understanding !!!

28. Why some businesses stay small:
There are some reasons why some businesses stay small. They are: 
Type of industry the business is in: Industries offering personal service or specialized products. They cannot grow bigger because they will lose the personal service demanded by customers. E.g. hairdressers, cleaning, convenience store, etc.
Market size: If the size of the market a business is selling to is too small, the business cannot expand. E.g. luxury cars (Lamborghini), expensive fashion clothing, etc.
Owners objectives: Owners might want to keep a personal touch with staff and customers. They do not want the increased stress and worry of running a bigger business.