2. Many Ethnic Groups in the Middle East

4. Germans 24%
* Croats 5%
Magyars (Hungarians) 20%
*Serbs 4%
*Czechs 13%
*Slovaks 4%
*Poles 10%
*Slovenes 3%
*Ruthenians (Ukranians) 8%
Italians 3%.

5. Ethnic Groups of Austria-Hungary
Germans 24%
* Croats 5%
Magyars (Hungarians) 20%
*Serbs 4%
*Czechs 13%
*Slovaks 4%
*Poles 10%
*Slovenes 3%
*Ruthenians (Ukranians) 8%
Italians 3%.

6. Ch 10.3 The Austrian Empire
The Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region from
Ferdinand I and Metternich tried to keep revolution from Austria
Metternich accused universities of “creating revolutionaries”
Resistance to Change
Prohibited any reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy
Censorship of media (newspaper)
Secret police force to spy on citizens
End revolution ideas
Carlsbad Decrees 1819

7. 3. Maintain absolute power
Resistance to Change
Congress of Troppau, 1820
Austria, Russia and Prussia form alliance
2. Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution
3. Maintain absolute power

8. Turmoil in Europe, Austria
Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years
Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austria
Different ethnic groups wanted independence
Revolution of 1848
Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna
King Ferdinand fired Metternich, gave throne to nephew Franz Josef I
Provide reforms like Freedom of speech/press, new constitutions, Parliament elections

9. Ethnic Groups of Austria-Hungary
Germans 24%
* Croats 5%
Magyars (Hungarians) 20%
*Serbs 4%
*Czechs 13%
*Slovaks 4%
*Poles 10%
*Slovenes 3%
*Ruthenians (Ukranians) 8%
Italians 3%.

10. Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire for 20 yrs
Resistance to Change
Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire for 20 yrs
1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule
Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria crush revolt
Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms
Freedom of speech/press, new constitutions, Parliament elections
Stopped revolution temporarily

13. Forming a New Government
The Dual Monarchy
Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement. Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.
As nationalist movement continued in Europe,
Austria lost Lombardy to Italy, 1859
1866, loss to Prussia brought new demands from Hungarians
Forming a New Government
Created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Austria, Hungary became two separate, equal states with one ruler, Franz Josef I
Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria, king of Hungary
Each had own parliament
Shared ministries of war, finance, foreign affairs
Compromise of 1867

14. Positives of Dual Monarchy Negatives of Dual Monarchy
An Uneven Solution
Dual Monarchy lasted about 50 years, until 1918
Rural, agricultural Hungary could provide raw materials, food
Industrialized Austria could provide industrial products
Positives of Dual Monarchy
Divisions remained among various ethnic groups
No common language
Ethnic minorities received little benefits
Negatives of Dual Monarchy

15. Germans 24%
* Croats 5%
Magyars (Hungarians) 20%
*Serbs 4%
*Czechs 13%
*Slovaks 4%
*Poles 10%
*Slovenes 3%
*Ruthenians (Ukranians) 8%
Italians 3%.

17. The Ottoman Empire Empire in Decline The Eastern Question
Ottoman Empire existed from
Within borders many different religious and ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews, Christians, Muslims
Early 1800s, could not defend against independence movement, external threats
Lost Greece and other territories in revolutions
Empire in Decline
Situation created “Eastern Question”—What would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed?
Russia, France, Great Britain want control of Ottoman Lands
The Eastern Question

18. Holy Land and Russian Invasion
The Crimean War
Holy Land and Russian Invasion
Ottomans gave Roman Catholics control of Holy Lands
Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians same rights
Russians invaded Ottoman territories
Great Britain, France
Great Britain saw Russia as potential threat to India interest
GB, France join O.E. to fight against Russia
Results  None
Crimean War ended in stalemate, caused half million deaths
Nurse Florence Nightingale saved many lives during war

20. Representative Government
Political Reform
1908, Young Turks wanted independence from Ottoman Empire and representative govt
Conflict
Young Turks devoted to restoring constitution
Revolution helped ensure more representative, liberal government
Education improved, government took steps to provide individual liberties
Representative Government

21. The Balkan Wars 1912-13 Route to Mediterranean Congress of Berlin 1878
Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans
Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic, national ties; led to conflicts for years to come
Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence
Route to Mediterranean
Russians wanted to gain Balkans as route to Mediterranean
Great Britain, France sometimes sided with Russia, or sided with Ottomans
Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe

23. Chapter 10.3 Nationalism Assignment
What would the United States look like if we were divided into several smaller countries?

25. Nationalism Using ONLY the Nationalist elements of
Culture, History, and Territory
Divide the United States into 7-8 regions based on shared
*DO NOT DIVIDE MAP SIMPLY BASED ON WEATHER PATTERNS AND/OR TEMPERATURE!!

26. For each region you make:
Divide the map into regions and color each region.
Name the region. Have fun, but be school appropriate.
In a paragraph (3-4 sentences), justify why you created each region based on the Nationalist ideas. ONE PARAGRAPH OF EXPLANATION PER REGION!

29. Size Comparisons Land area Austria-Hungary Empire 261,243 square miles
Population Austria-Hungary 52.8 million
Land area U.S.A. 3,805,927 square miles
Population of U.S.A. 300 million
Land area of California 155,959
Population of California 38.8 million
Land area of Texas 261,797
Population of Texas 27 million
Population of Austria 8 million
Population of Ohio 14 million