1. Understanding the interaction: Simultaneous imaging and iToF mass spectrometry
Experiments at LCLS
wavelength: 0.62 nm (2 keV)
Intensity >1017 W/cm2
Sample: injected mimi virus
Flight time to the detector t=L/(2V)1/2 * (m/q)1/2

2. Correlate diffraction to dynamics in a single measurement
Virus model
(shape,
composition)
Scattered
photons
Incident pulse
Plasma
simulations:
temperature,
ionization
Heating &
explosion
Proton
acceleration
Mass over charge (m/q)
Proton acceleration H+
Proton flight time
Hit strength
Preliminary results show
amazing agreement

3. High field experiments: ToF measurements in drift mode
Experiments at FLASH wavelength: 13.5 nm Intensity >1017 W/cm2
Sample: Solid niobium
HP filter at 1 keV
Nb2+
Nb1+
Nb3+
Nb4+
Nb5+ H+
C/O
Solid Nb sample
A grid in front of the detector can be charged and works as a high-pass filter.
- Saturation in maximum observed proton energies
- Generated by a transient surface transparency
Physical Review E 83, (2011)

4. Experiments and analysis done together with Libor Juha et al.10
08,09 07
05,06 04 03 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 22 21 19 18
19’
18’ 23 24
32,33
34,35
25’
26’ 27
27’ 26 25 31
29,30 28
28’ 17
ss28, z-3.6
ss29, z-3.8
ss27, z-3.4
ss26, z-3.3
ss25, z-3.0
ss24, z-2.7
Craters in Deuterated vanadium studied using SEM and AFM
Crater depth compared with maximum observed proton energies
In situ focus determination using the maximum detectable proton energy. Resolution better than the Rayleigh length of the focusing mirror
Experiments and analysis done together with Libor Juha et al.
High Energy Density Physics, vol. 7, No. 1, (2011)

5. Single atoms / molecules
20 fs pulses Ne
charge state 1 2 8 9 10
200 fs pulses
200 fs pulses (neon atoms)
-Hollow molecules at the highest pulse intensity and shortest pulse durations.
-Decreases the risk of damage in single pulse imaging experiments since the damage depends on photo-ionization but the elastic scattering cross-section does not

6. FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRONIC PROCESSES at low and high photon energies
UV PHOTON
CARBON
C+ ion
2pz
Photo e-
2py 2s 1s
2px
OUTER SHELL
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
2py
2pz
2px
t1/2 = 11.2 fs
Photo e-
Auger e-
C+ hollow ion
C2+ relaxed ion
X-RAY PHOTON
CARBON
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 2s 1s
INNER SHELL

7. Molecular alignment: LCLS 2009
Time-Resolved Spectroscopy at the LCLS, Optics Express, Vol. 18, No. 17, (2010)
J. M. Glownia, J. Cryan , J. Andreasson, et al.
800 nm Ti:Sapphire laser is used to impulsively align molecular nitrogen along the laser polarization direction
1080 eV x-rays then ionize the N2
producing prompt coulomb
explosion
N22+(v=0)
N22+(v=0)
N+(v)
N+(-v)
50 fs
N22+(v=0)
The alignment is revealed in the m/z region around 14 where the central N22+ peak is flanked by signal from N+ ions with initial velocity towards (v) and away from (-v) the detector. Processed data shows dynamics on 50 fs time scale
Ratio: side peak / central peak
X-ray delay

8. Reminder: there is also electronToF spectroscopy
Outlook: ToF instrumentation -VMI and sample orientation for 3D reconstruction
- MD simulations show that on protein fragmentation is reproducible
- Use ToF measurements with momentum resolution to get sample orientation and aid 3D image reconstruction
Sulphur ions from exploding lysozyme proteins
follow reproducible trajectories
Top: schematic view of a VMI instrument. Bottom: Oxygen ions with four different initial velocities forming four rings on the detector in an experiment on ozone (images from Wikipedia)
Reminder: there is also electronToF spectroscopy

9. Summary, sample Injector and Diagnostic Systems
- What could we build and develop ?
Aerodynamic lens sample injector and catcher system
Laser-based injector and sample alignment system
Sample or pulse on demand systems
Fluorescence probe to characterize sample integrity during injection
Optical probes to record plasma emission at the interaction point
Ion-TOF instrumentation to characterize X-ray focus and sample fragmentation
Velocity Map Imaging (VMI) for measuring sample orientation from fragmentation
Electron-TOF instrument for measuring ionization dynamics (designed to be used singly or in coincidence with the ion-TOF or VMI)
Data acquisition system for flight time measurements
Native mass spectrometer (interfaced with the particle catcher/injector) for high-mass measurements
Thank You