1. Organizational Decision Making38
Organizational Decision Making

2. Garbage-Can Model
It is one of the most recent and interesting description of organizational decision making
This model helps us think of the whole organization and the frequent decisions being made by the managers throughout it

3. Garbage-Can Model
Organized Anarchy: means highly uncertain conditions, extremely organic organization, they are caused by three characteristics
Ambiguity is around every where
Unclear and poorly understood cause and effect relations
Organizational positions experience turnover of participants

4. Stream of Events
Decision making is not seen as a sequence of steps, problem identification and solution may not be connected, an idea may be proposed as a solution when no problem is identified, a problem may exist but never generates a solution, decisions are the outcomes of independent streams of events within the organization

5. Stream of Events Four such streams are as follows:
Problems: problems may not be solved when solutions are given
Potential solutions: solutions are ideas, an employee may be tempted to attach an idea to a problem and he will therefore look for such problems which can be attached with that idea or solution
Participants: problems and solutions considered by one manager can differ from the ones identified by another manager, and people come and go
Choice opportunities: occasions when organizations actually make decisions, e.g. signing a contract, hiring new people, a manager who happens to learn of a good idea may suddenly become aware of a problem to which it applies and hence can provide the organization with a choice opportunity.

6. Stream of Events
Example: Film Making

7. Special Decision Circumstances
High Velocity environments:
like learning organizations, problem id and solution implementation run parallel, multiple alternative are built during a major decision phase
Escalating commitment:
persistence with a failing course of action, learning approach the remedy