1. Spatial Interaction & Spatial Behavior

2. Spatial interaction & behavior
common characteristics of spatial behavior that affect and unify all people and social systems
“ground rules” of spatial interaction
physical and behavioral constraints
Globalization illustrates cultural convergence in that diverse cultures become more similar and interrelated over time. The global diffusion of shared technologies and organizational structures is making different cultures more alike

3. Spatial interaction
the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities within and between areas
The idea that material innovations, such as new technologies, diffuse more rapidly than newly exposed cultures can respond to them best illustrates the idea of cultural lag. Cultural lag describes this temporal delay between the arrival of a new innovation to a place and the ability of the local culture to adequately respond and adapt to this change. The arrival of a new technology to a place often poses significant cultural challenges, ranging from a lack of formal knowledge to potential ethical or religious conflicts that the new technology could create

4. Commodity flows points of supply to locals of demand
factors in the structure of trade:
1. awareness of supplies or markets
2. presence or absence of transportation connections
3. costs of movements
4. ability to pay for things wanted & needed

5. 3 Controlling principles Edward Ullman ((1912-1976)
1. Complementarity means that for two places to interact one must have a supply of an item for which there is an effective demand in the other
by desire to purchase
purchasing power
means to transport it
Or exchange – developing countries

6. International crude oil & complementarity

7. Controlling principles
2. Transferability means that spatial interaction can only occur when there are acceptable costs of an exchange: time & cost
Characteristics & value of product
Distance measured in time & $$$ penalties
Commodity must be able to bear the costs of movement
Dynamic – relationships can & do change

8. Controlling principles
3. Intervening opportunity
Serves to reduce supply/demand interactions that otherwise might develop between distant complementary areas
Dynamic – reflecting changeable structure of apparent opportunity

9. Intervening opportunity

10. Measuring interaction
General principles and patterns
Friction of distance
Distance has retarding effect/ time & cost penalties
Distance decay
Near destinations have disproportionate pull over more distant locations
The principal of distance decay describes a negative correlation between distance and degree of relation. Distance decay states that as the distance between two places increases, the intensity of relations between these places will decrease.

11. Shape of distance decay

12. Gravity Model (Henry Carey 1793-1879)
Observations based on Newton’s law of universal gravitation:
1. Interaction between urban centers can be calculated by size & distance
2. Large cities have greater drawing power for individuals than do small ones

13. leading to Reilly’s law
Breaking Point:
Two cities will attract trade from intermediate locales in direct proportion to their size and distance

14. Human spatial behavior
Mobility describes all types of human territorial movement
2 types:
1. Circulation
a) daily or temporal
b) longer periods, such as vacations
2. Migration
Permanent move, relocation

15. Circulation

16. Individual areas of activity
1. Territoriality
Emotional attachment to, and the defense of home ground
2. Personal space
The zone of privacy/separation from other our culture or our physical circumstances require or permit

17. Activity space Extended home range Variables: Stage of life Mobility
Opportunities

18. Space & time Daily activities consume time & space Space-Time Prism
Space-Time Path

19. Critical distance
Short trips are more frequent
Distance decay

20. Information age
Time & space are different for information flows due to modern telecommunications
Time & space convergence = the obliteration of space
Changing constraints, determinations on human activities, lifestyles

21. Migration – permanent relocation
Unmistakable, recurring, near-universal theme
Complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunity, barriers, all play a role
Often occurs in a series of steps, or chain, like links

22. Decision factors Cultural, socio/economic Distance
Responses to poverty, population growth, environmental deterioration, war, famine
Micro – macro moves

23. Distance of migration Intercontinental
16th to 17th centuries, very little
19th to 20th, huge movements
Involve movements between countries or counties
Intracontinental
International
Interregional

24. Rural to urban migration
Due to Industrial Revolution
18th to 19th centuries in U.S. & Europe
20th centuries, worldwide phonomenon
Today more prevalent than international moves
More difficult to move internationally

25. Types of migration 1. Forced migration
Historic & recent, million West Africans
Caribbean, Central, South, & North America
British convicts to Australia, after 1780

26. Forced migration

27. Types of migration 2. Reluctant relocation
1969, 8 million Indonesians moved by government to less densely populated islands
2000, 14 million international war refugees
Both internal or external movements

28. Types of migration 3. Voluntary migration - largest Push of: Pull of:
Poverty, overcrowding, war, famine, environmental degradation, loss of job
Pull of:
Perceived economic opportunity, safety, food, better climate, cleaner/safer environment, family

29. Voluntary migration

30. Additional effects 1. “Brain drain” 2. Guest workers
3. Time - contract

31. Counter migration
Always occurs – some migrants return to place of origin
U.S., from 1900 – 1980, out of 80 million migrants, 10 million returned to their motherland

32. Voluntary migration observations E.G. Ravenstein (1834-1913)
1. Most migrants go only a short distance
2. Longer distance migration favors large cities
3. Most migration proceeds step by step

33. 4. Most migration is rural to urban
5. Each migration flow produces a counter-flow
6. Most migrants are adults; family moves are less likely to be international
7. Most international migrants are young males

34. Migration patterns

35. Characteristics today
Most migrants are young males, not a cross section of ages
U.S. – peaks in late 20’s
West Africa – ages 15 to 39
New trend: young females increasingly migrate
Domestic service jobs
“Entertainment” industry

36. Find your deep migration history