1. Identity, Emotions and Stress
Futuristech

2. Identity: “Who am I?”
Identity consists of personal identity + social identity
Social identity often based on group affiliations
Paradigm shift in conceptions of identity —
Modern (Enlightenment through 20th century)
Fixed, stable, unitary
Post-Modern (now)
Fluid, multiple, socially constructed
Different roles in different settings: Different contexts make different aspects of our identity more salient: e.g., a classroom, party, church, or family dinner.
Faceted identity

3. Self-Definitions Who Am I? Where does this come from?
What does it mean to have this identity?
Who do others think I am?

4. Are some identities more important to you than others?

5. Identity Theory (Sociology)
Identity Theory (e.g., Stryker 1980)
Individuals have “role identities”: character and the role an individual devises as an occupant of a particular social position.
‘Self’ is hierarchical ordering of identities by salience. The greater the commitment on an identity, the greater the salience of the identity.
Salience of identity influences behavioral choices in a situation.
Identity Theory is from Sociology
Social Identity Theory is from Psychology: consider sports identification example, in-group/out-groups

6. When and where do you “activate” your identity?
…consider female voter example

7. Social Identity Theory (Psychology)
Social Identity Theory (e.g., Tajfel et al. 1981; Turner 1985)
How group membership and “belongingness” have consequences for interpersonal and intergroup relations. As one looks for a positive sense of self, they compare their group with other groups and tend to create a favorable distinction for their own group
Social Identity Theory is from Psychology: consider sports identification example, in-group/out-groups
Essentially, we act in ways that bolster our own self esteem– including how we related to groups (ingroup favoratism)
BIRGing or CORFing…”Bask in Reflected Glory”, or “Cutting Off Reflected Failure” see: Hirt et al. 1992

8. Self-presentation and identity
Symbolic markers express our identity to others — and help us make sense of it ourselves
Signals of who we are (or want to be, or want people to think we are)
Offline: clothes, hair, body modifications
Online?
Identity is socially constructed and informed by our relations with others — what they think of us, what we think of them, how we think of ourselves.
Quote from the textbook.
Symbolic interactionism perspective from sociology
Meaning comes from social interaction, and is constantly re-interpreted
It is a pragmatic approach– in part this means that everything is in relation to other things that are going on.
This is in contrast to the earlier behaviorist approach, which focused on consistent responses to stimuli. In its stronger form, it argued that all behavior can be explained this way. SI makes room for interpretation, thought, and context, the making of meaning.

9. Goffman’s approach and focus
How individuals create and maintain their “social self” Dramaturgical approach: Uses theater and drama as a metaphor for how we develop and present ourselves

10. Frontstage and backstage
Front-stage behaviors: audience-facing. Engaging in “impression management” to portray a convincing front or role.
Back-stage: Away from audience view, but often including important preparatory work for the public presentation of self.

11. Impression management
Behaving in ways so that others perceive us how we want to be perceived

12. How to do it - positively
Self descriptions (personal characteristics)
Conformity (agree with someone for approval)
Accounts (give excuses, justifications)
Apologies (admit and ask forgiveness)
Acclaiming (taking credit)
Flattery (saying nice things make yourself likable)
Favors (doing something nice – tit for tat?)

13. Identity and Authenticity
What happens when you need to conceal an identity?
Outcomes of inauthenticity:
Stress
Dissonance
Lowered performance
Health impact

14. Organizational Identity
Do people define by their organizational membership?
Who am I?
I am an employee of…
I am in the Department of…
I am a trade union leader in…
Outcomes of that
Greater job satisfaction and commitment
More helpful behaviors at work
Less employee turnover

15. Identity Issues in the Workplace
When identities collide:
Gendered expectations
A Muslim woman
A gay man
A disabled person
Others…
Specific ways of managing your ‘different’ identity?
Specific ways an organization manages diversity?

16. Emotions in the Workplace
Emotional labor
Emotional dissonance
Emotional intelligence
Mood vs Emotions
Display rules – do they vary by cultures?

17. Workplace behaviors Organizational Citizenship – helping Cooperating
Positive
Negative
Organizational Citizenship – helping
Cooperating
Mentoring
Counseling
Cyberloafing
Bullying
Aggression
Theft
Incivility
Damaging

18. Stress
What is it?
Impact?
Acute
Episodic
Chronic

19. Stress Occupational demands Conflict between work and non- work
Causes
Actions
Occupational demands
Conflict between work and non- work
Ambiguity and uncertainty
Overload
Responsibility of others
Lack of social support
Individual actions – everyday and episodic
Organizational actions – support programs
Leadership actions – team processes