1. CLN 4UI Agenda Announcements (None) Take up R v. MacMillan
Crime Scene Investigation Note
Video: CSI Miami “Bloodsport” 1

2. The Criminal Investigation
Pre-Trial Procedures
The Criminal Investigation 2

3. R v. MacMillan, 2002
1.) Was the accused charged with an absolute liability, a strict liability or a full mens rea offense? Explain.
The accused in this case was charged with a strict liability offense. The BCCA noted that the pipe failure was due to microbiological degradation, which was not foreseeable. Had pipes failed due to aging, MacMillan would likely have lost their appeal.

4. R v. MacMillan, 2002 2) Over what issue was the Court Divided?
The court was divided on whether due diligence was demonstrated.
In this case, the minority felt that whether the outcome was foreseeable or not, the company should have had a contingency plan regardless of the cause of the spill.
The majority felt that due diligence was demonstrated, as MacMillan reasonably believed in a mistaken set of facts.

5. Learning Goals CL2.01 explain processes of police investigation
CL2.02 explain pre-trial procedures, including processing evidence 5

6. The Crime Scene
Police have the right to cordon off the crime scene to make sure no evidence is lost or tampered with.
Police can refuse entry to a crime scene.
HOWEVER, if the incident involves a death, the coroner has jurisdiction over the area. 6

7. The Crime Scene Continued
The area will be photographed and searched for items such as hair or fibre samples, blood, forced entry, physical struggle, fingerprints, footprints, or weapons
This is called forensic evidence.
Police will also question witnesses about their knowledge of the crime or the persons involved. 7

8. Processing Physical Evidence: Fingerprints
Forensic scientists analyze the information collected.
Fingerprints are compared with those on file at the RCMP central repository in Ottawa.
The patterns of ridges on our finger pads are unique: no two individuals—even identical twins—have fingerprints that are exactly alike. 8

9. Injuries such as burns or scrapes will not change the ridge structure: when new skin grows in, the same pattern will come back.
Dactyloscopy
the practice of using fingerprints to identify someone. 9

10. Mistakes can be made in fingerprint identification
usually only a portion of a print is available and can be distorted and hard to read, especially in a messy crime scene situation (i.e., BLOOD!) 
It is extremely important that specialists are able to properly dust and lift fingerprints at a crime scene to be able to classify and match them to those in the database. 10

11. Classifying Fingerprints
All fingerprints can be identified as one of three types: Arches, Loops, Whorls
Arches: forming ridges that run from one side of the print to the other and curve up the middle 11

12. Loops: showing stronger curves than arches with ends that start on one side of the finger, loop around and end up in the same place
Don’t get these confused with full circles or ovals. 12

13. Whorls: forming complete ovals, often in a spiral pattern around a central point.13

14. Dusting for Fingerprints
It is extremely important that specialists are able to properly dust and lift fingerprints at a crime scene to be able to classify and match them to those in the database.
Dusting is a method that is used to lift prints from hard surfaces
Chemicals are needed to lift prints off smooth surfaces 14

15. The Crime Scene Continued
There are strict procedures on the seizure, handling, and storage of evidence:
no evidence is left unattended;
the case officer must secure evidence in the police property locker;
transferring evidence is the responsibility of the case officer;
no evidence can be removed from property locker without appropriate authority and signature. This is to maintain the chain of custody of the evidence. 15

16. Trace Elements, Blood, DNA
Processing Physical Evidence
Trace Elements, Blood, DNA 16

17. Trace Elements Dirt, dust, residue
Provides link between suspect and the crime
Example: wood or other materials at an arson scene may produce trace elements of the accelerant used to start a fir.
During an investigation into a series of fires in Hamilton, experts linked the fluid used to start fires to fluid found in the garage of one of the suspects. Both samples were mixed in exactly the same proportions and were not sold by any other manufacturer. 17

18. The transfer of hair and fibres
Typically analyzed in homicides, kidnapping and aggravated assault
Hair and fibres are trace elements because they can be found either on the victim or the accused.
Hair may not reveal specific people (like fingerprints), but they can reveal racial background, area of the body the hair came from and the persons blood type. 18

19. Animal fur is more scaly than human hair
Hair samples with the root can provide the most information – DNA us usually present. 19

20. Fibers from the crime scene can be traced to criminals
Various Fibre Samples
Fibers from the crime scene can be traced to criminals
(Example: Carpet fibres from the crime scene found on the suspects shoe) 20

21. Blood
Blood samples are important in impaired driving cases or crimes committed when under the influence
Percentage of alcohol or substance levels can be important in cases where mens rea is an issue. 21

22. Blood Spatter Analysis
study of the size and shapes of the drops on the floor can determine from the height at which they fell
Shape of drop can indicate movement
Blood spatter on the wall can determine force and direction of the blow.
Blood Spatter News Report 22

23. DNA
All human beings have a distinctive genetic code within their chromosomes which are composed of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Lab analysis of blood stains, semen, saliva, vaginal secretion, skin and hair follicles can lead to the identification of an individual through his or her distinctive genetic code. 23

24. Independent Study Read “The Discovery of DNA” on pp 267 - 268
Answer questions #1 – 2 on pg. 269 24

25. CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Season 10, Episode 5
“Bloodsport” 25