1. Hominids are the family of mankind and his or her relatives.
Early Man
Hominids are the family of mankind and his or her relatives.

2. 65 Million Years Ago
No matter what you may have seen in the movies, early man did not live during the same period in history as dinosaurs!
Dinosaurs died out about 65 million years ago. The first human like hominids did not appear until around 3 million years ago.
Not that early man had it easy, but he did not have to fight dinosaurs!

3. 3 Million Years Ago
3 million years ago, our planet was teeming with life!
There were deer, giraffes, hyenas, sheep, goats, horses, elephants, camels, beavers, cave lions, ants, termites, woolly mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, giant sharks, dogs with huge teeth, and all kinds of birds and plants and fish.

4. According to archaeologists…
…human evolution began more than five million years ago in an area known as the fertile crescent.
The first real humans appeared 2.5 million years ago in east Africa.
By BC, modern humans had begun to migrate out of Africa.
By BC, they had settled in almost every part of the world.

6. Very Early Humans
It was during this time that the higher primates, including apes and early man, first appeared.
There was a difference between apes and man. Early human-like hominids could stand upright. Apes could not.
Their hands were different, too. Ape hands were made for climbing and clinging. Man’s hands were jointed differently, which allowed them to make and use tools.

7. Very Early Humans Lucy told them!
How do scientists know about an early man who lived 3 million years ago?
Lucy told them!

8. Lucy
In 1974, a skeleton was found in Africa. The bones were those of a female, about 20 years old or so when she died. Scientists named her Lucy. About 3 million years ago, when Lucy was alive, she was about 4 feet tall and weighed about 50 pounds. Scientists suspect that she fell into a lake or river and drowned.
Scientists are like detectives. They can tell a great deal from a skeleton, whether it's one year old or 3 million years old!

9. Fossils & Artifacts
Scientists use many clues to help them put pieces of the past together. One thing they must know is the difference between a fossil and an artifact.
Fossils are remains of living things (plants, animals, people), not things that were made.
Artifacts are remains of things that were made, not remains of living things.

10. Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age )
2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE
2. 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE
,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

11. The Paleolithic Age “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age
2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

12. Earliest Ancestors
4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.
Australopithecines
An Apposable Thumb

13. Australopithecus afarensis
3.5 million years ago
Stage 1

14. Australopithecus afarensis
Physical Developments
Heavy brow
Strong muscles
Long, powerful forearms
Curved fingers and toes
Brain about 1/3 of modern human’s
Technological/Economic Developments
No stone tools/weapons
Travel in groups of
25-30

15. Homo hablis
2.5 million years ago

16. HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” )
found in East Africa.
created stone tools.

17. hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans
In general: Made tools
hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans
NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

18. Homo habilis Technological/Economic Developments Physical Developments
Larger brain than before
Teeth like modern humans
Technological/Economic Developments
First to make stone tools

19. Also known as Handy Man
The Stone Age refers to the materials used to make man-made tools. In the Stone Age, man made tools out of stone. “Handy Man” was one of the first hominids to use stone tools.
Hunters & Gatherers: The Old Stone Age people were hunters/gatherers. We know this because scientists have found fossils and artifacts, which reveal traces of their life. These people did not plant crops. They gathered wild fruits, nuts, berries, and vegetables.

20. Handy Man
These early human-like hominids were taller and smarter than Lucy’s people, but they did not know how to make fire.
When they broke camp, they probably tried to bring fire with them by carrying lit branches to use to start a new campfire.
If their branches went out, they did without fire until they found something burning.

21. Stage 2
1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )
BIPEDALISM
Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology
First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.
First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

22. Homo erectus
1.6 million years ago

23. Also known as Upright Man
Many years passed. Another group of man was born. Scientists nicknamed this group “Upright Man”. Upright Man did know how to make fire.
That changed everything!
People began to cook their food, which helped to reduce disease. People collected around the fire each night, to share stories of the day's hunt and activities, which helped to develop a spirit of community.

24. Upright Man
These Stone Age people were about the same size as modern humans. Their tool-making skills were considerably improved. Their weapons included stone axes and knives.
Because Upright Man could make fire, he was free to move about in search of food. He did not have to worry about freezing. He made warm clothes from animal skins. At night, he built a campfire to cook his food and to stay warm.

25. Homo Erectus Technological/Economic Developments Physical Developments
Walk upright
Larger brains
Massive eyebrow ridges
High bony crests at neckline
Technological/Economic Developments
Use of tools made of stone, wood, bone
Learn to make fire
Learn how to use language
Hunting/gathering

26. The Ice Age begins…
…1 million years ago…
70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

27. Man Leaves Home
About one million years ago, Upright Man began to slowly leave Africa. These early people began to populate the world.
They did not need a boat. The Ice Age was here! They traveled across giant walkways of frozen ice, over what later would become vast rivers and seas.
Scientists have found artifacts of their tools and weapons, which help us to understand how they lived, where they went, and how they got there.

28. Stage 3 Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )
Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

29. Homo sapiens… BC

30. …become sub-categorized
Neanderthals
About BC to BC

31. NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856)
First humans to bury their dead.
Made clothes from animal skins.
Lived in caves and tents.

32. NEANDERTHALS
Early Hut/Tent

33. Neanderthals Technological/Economic Developments Physical Developments
Broad noses
Stocky bodies
Short limbs
Face juts foreward
Technological/Economic Developments
Hunters/gatherers
More advanced tools (hand axe)
Work in groups to hunt
First form of religion (bury their dead)

34. Second category of Homo Sapiens
Cro-magnon man
Also known as Homo Sapiens Sapiens BC

35. CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )
By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.
WHY???

36. Cro-Magnon Man
Another group of early men stood out during this period. Scientists nicknamed this group “Cro-Magnon man”.
Cro-Magnon man lived in Europe.
This group did not live a life of constant struggle for survival because they worked together to provide food for their tribe.

37. Cro-Magnon Man
These Stone Age people learned to cure and store food for the long winter. They used traps, which allowed them to catch food while they were busy doing something else. Fisherman used nets woven from vines and fishhooks.
Some groups built rafts and canoes to catch bigger fish in deeper waters.
They made clothing and jewelry. They invented the bow and arrow.

38. Shelter and Communication
Humans during this period found shelter in caves.
Cave paintings left behind.
Purpose??

39. Cave Paintings
Cro-Magnon man did something rather unusual. For some reason, he drew paintings deep inside dark caves, on cave walls.
His paintings were added to the paintings already on the cave walls, left by other Cro-Magnon men.
Over time, a cave might accumulate hundreds of paintings. Colors used most often were brown, yellow/tan, dark red, and coal black.

40. Cave Paintings
Animals were well drawn and filled in with natural colors to give them even more shape and substance. They drew stick figures for hunters. They drew stencils of hands.

41. Cave Paintings
To reach the deepest part of the cave, where other paintings could be found, Cro-Magnon man had to crawl through the maze like tunnels of the cave, holding a spoon-like oil lamp to light his way, while carrying his carefully prepared paints.
Teacher Notes: To avoid being burned, and to avoid having the lamp go out, it had to balanced carefully to hold the burning oil inside the rounded part of the spoon-like oil lamp.

42. Cro-Magnon Man Technological/Economic Developments
Physical Developments
Height same as modern humans
High foreheads
Curving noses
Large jaws
Small teeth
Technological/Economic Developments
Hunting of small animals (pigs, deer, fish)
Grow their own food
Cave paintings
Settle in large groups
Government and religion form

43. Paleolithic Age (Stone Age) Ends
The fourth ice age begins to melt
Climate warms
years ago

44. Next….. The Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age)
With the Ice Age ending growth could begin
Forests developed
Stretches of grassland and desert appeared in some areas

45. The Neolithic Age Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age
10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE
Gradual shift from:
Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

46. HUMAN EVOLUTION

48. Why did humans evolve?

49. Human Evolution
Evolution is a theory that suggests that the many different species of plant and animals developed slowly over time through a process of natural selection.

50. Charles Darwin
Challenged theory of his time of divine creation
Theory of evolution
Based on the idea that species changed or adapted over time in response to environmental changes or demands.
Species competed and struggled for survival.
Organisms that had skills and characteristics more useful survived and passed on these traits to young.
NATURAL SELECTION BEST FIT SURVIVE and THE WEAK DIE OFF

51. Summary of the First Humans
About 2.5 million years ago, they used their hands to make simple stone tools which could be used for cutting.
They were hunter—gatherers.
After the ice-age, they were forced to grow their own food as natural supplies became scarce.
Between and 8000 BC,farming began in several different places.
It is perhaps the most important event in human history as it led to new skills and technologies.

52. Early Humans
When farmers grew more food than they needed, they used the surplus as wealth.
As a result, differences of rank developed between people and society became gradually more complex.
By 1000 BC, more than half the world’s population lived by farming.
In some well favored places, the world’s first civilizations had emerged and the first writing systems come into use.

53. Development of Togetherness
At first, man was very isolated. With the development of writing systems people began to communicate and exchange ideas. This proved to be very difficult.
People began to work and live together in villages, then towns, cities, kingdoms and finally empires.
The earth was five billion years old before the arrival of man.

54. Create your own Summary
Using the information presented in class and your textbook pages to fill in the Physical Evolution of Humans Graphic Organizer
If not completed in class, to be completed for homework.
Mini-test Wednesday Feb 10 ***

55. The Agricultural Revolution
8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE
Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.
SLASH-AND-BURN Farming
Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia
8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE ,000 BCE

56. The Agricultural Revolution
Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

57. Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?
The Agricultural Revolution
Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

58. Early Settled Communities
Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.
More permanent, settled communities emerged.
9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

59. Early Settled Communities
8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants
12 cultivated crops
Division of labor
Engaged in trade
Organized religion
An obsidian dagger
Small military

60. Early Settled Communities
Çatal Hüyük

61. The Agricultural Revolution
What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

62. Why is the
"Neolithic Revolution"
a turning point
in human history??

63. What is the
next step in the
development of
human settlements??

64. CITIES !
CIVILIZATIONS !!

65. What are the
characteristics
of a civilization??