1. Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction
Type of Reproduction
Methods
Advantages
Disadvantages
Sexual
(Sperm meet Egg)
2 parents
Internal fertilization
Diversity in offspring
Offspring less likely to have mutations show up
Requires a mate to reproduce
Population increases are limited
External fertilization
Conjugation
Asexual
1 parent
Budding
Can increase populations rapidly
Does not require a mate for reproduction to take place
Lack of diversity in offspring
Because they reproduce offspring genetically identical to parents, the offspring inherit any mutations of the parent.
Spores
Fission

2. - Diversity in offspring
Definitions:
- Diversity in offspring
> def. – Diversity - the relative uniqueness of each
individual in the population
- offspring less likely to have mutations show up
> def. – Mutation – changes in DNA

3. ~ Body Plans ~
Animals that are irregular in shape or have no shape are asymmetrical.
Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical.

4. ~ Body Plans ~
An animal has radial symmetry if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into equal halves. (like a pizza)
An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror images of each other. (like humans)

5. Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry?

6. ~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla No backbones
95% of all animals are in this group

7. Major Characteristics
Invertebrates
Type of Invertebrate
Major Characteristics
Examples
Type of Reproduction
Porifera
-Simplest
animals
can regenerate
body parts
-has no symmetry
Sponges
Asexual
Cnidaria
-2 basic body shapes; medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra)
-Have tentacles
-have stinging cells called nematocyst
Jellyfish
Hydra
Platyhelminthes
-Can regenerate
-most are parasites
-have flat ribbon like bodies
-Bilateral symmetry
Planaria **
Flukes
Flatworms
Sexual or

8. Major Characteristics
Type of Invertebrate
Major Characteristics
Examples
Type of Reproduction
Nematoda
-round, tubular bodies
-Most are parasites
-have both a mouth and anus
-Bilateral symmetry
Roundworms
Pinworms
Hook Worms
Sexual
Mollusca
-Broad Muscular foot
-Layer of tissue called mantle
-Have hard shells and soft bodies
-Live on land and in the water
Group includes:
gastropods
bivalves &
cephalopods
Snails
Slugs
Clams
Oysters
Squids
Octopuses
Annelida
-Segmented worms
-Body divided into segments(sections) -Live in water or underground -have a nervous and circulatory system
Segmented worms
Earthworm
Bristle Worms
Leeches
Sexual(majority)
Asexual

9. Major Characteristics
Invertebrates (cont’d)
Type of Invertebrate
Major Characteristics
Examples
Type of Reproduction
Echinodermata
Endoskeleton covered with spines
Starfish
Sea Urchins
Sand Dollar
Asexual

10. Major Characteristics
Invertebrates (cont’d)
Type of Invertebrate
Major Characteristics
Examples
Type of Reproduction
Anthropods
-Jointed Legs
-Segmented body parts
-Exoskeleton
-Head and
well-developed brain
Centipedes
Millipedes
Sexual
Crustaceans
Arachnids
Insects

11. Porifera. - Simplest animals
Porifera - Simplest animals - can regenerate body parts Reproduction: ASEXUAL (Video)

12. ~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~
Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge

13. Cnidarians 2 basic body shapes Examples: Jellyfish/Hydra
medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra)
- Reproduction: Asexual

14. Platyhelminthes Can regenerate some are parasites
Examples: Planaria*, Flukes, Flatworms
Reproduction: Sexual or Asexual

15. ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
Examples: Planaria
eyespots detect light
food and waste go in and out the same opening

16. ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
Examples: Tapeworm
Parasite that lives in intestines of host absorbing food

17. ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
Examples: Fluke
parasite
lives inside
of host

18. ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~
2 different shapes
Medusa - like a jellyfish
Polyp - like a hydra

19. ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~
Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

20. Nematodes Most are parasites Examples: Pinworms, Hookworms
Reproduction: Sexual

21. Mollusks - Layer of tissue called mantle - Have shells
- Broad Muscular foot
- Layer of tissue called mantle
- Have shells
- Group includes:
gastropods
bivalves & cephalopods
- Gills
- Examples: Complex ganglia,Snails, Slugs, Clams, Oysters, Squids, Octopuses
- Reproduction: SEXUAL

22. ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~
Class Gastropoda
snails and slugs
may have 1 shell
stomach-footed - move on stomach

24. ~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~
Examples:
Hookworm
Trichinella

25. Annelids Closed Circulatory System Skin
Examples: Earthworm, Bristle Worm, Leeches
Reproduction: SEXUAL or ASEXUAL

26. ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~
Class Earthworms
eat soil and breakdown organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil

27. ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~
Class bristleworms

28. ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~
Class leeches
parasites that feed on blood of other animals

29. ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~
Class Bivalves
2 shells hinged together
clams, oysters,
scallops and mussels

30. use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen Examples: starfish, sea urchin,
Echinoderms
Endoskeleton
covered with spines
use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen
Examples: starfish, sea urchin,
sand dollar
Reproduction: Asexual

31. ~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~
Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber

32. Arthropods -- Jointed Legs -- Segmented Body parts -- Exoskeleton
-- Head and well-developed brain
- Reproduction: SEXUAL

33. ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda
Class Pycnogonida
Sea spider

39. ~Chordata (Vertebrates)~
1 main phylum
Have backbones, and once had a notochord
5% of all animals are in this phylum
5 classes
Fish
Mammals
Reptiles
Amphibians
Birds

40. Levels of Organization

41. ATOMS
Smallest part of matter
NON-living

42. Molecules
2 or more bonded atoms
Form compounds
NON-living

43. Macromolecule Very large molecules
Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
NON-living

44. Organelles
“Tiny organs”
Made of macromolecules

45. Cell
Made of organelles
Basic unit of structure & function
LIVING

46. Tissue
The same kind cell working together
Living

47. Organs
Tissues that work together
Living

48. Systems
Organs that work together
Living

49. Organism Entire living things (organisms) Usually made of systems
May be a single cell
Living

50. Population
Same type of organism living together

51. Community
Several populations living together
Population interact

52. Ecosystem
A biotic (living) community plus the abiotic (nonliving) features

53. Biome
Similar ecosystems on earth together

54. Biosphere Whole living layer around the globe
Includes abiotic features

55. Tissue Organ System Organism Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere

56. Review What are Invertebrates? Animals without a backbone
What is difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction requires a mate, Asexual reproduction doesn’t
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
Diversity/Offspring less likely to have mutations
What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
Population increases are limited/requires mate

57. Review Cont’d What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
Increases population rapidly/no mate needed
What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
Reproduce offspring identical to parents
No diversity
Which category does a flat worm belong in (Asexual or Sexual)?
both

58. The End.