2. The Endocrine System 8
Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

3. Functions and Control of the Endocrine System
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.1
Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

4. Do Now Grab your folders.
Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet.
Chapter 8 Lesson 1 begins on page 268.
You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.

5. Today’s Objectives
Explain how the endocrine and nervous systems work together to regulate bodily functions.
Describe the basic anatomy of the endocrine system.
Describe the functions of hormones, and explain how hormones move through the body.
Identify the two classifications of hormones.
Explain how hormones help maintain homeostasis.

6. What We’re Covering Today:
Functions and Control of the Endocrine System
anatomy of the endocrine system
The endocrine system controls and monitors organs, glands, and processes in the body.
The endocrine system uses hormones that first collect information and then stimulate organs, glands, and tissues.
hormones
hormone secretion control

7. Anatomy of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a collection of organs and small glands that directly or indirectly influence all the functions of the body.
Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands are ductless glands
“Endo” – meaning within or in – so they secrete substances internally.
Hormones – chemical messengers
These hormones are secreted directly into bloodstream
Examples: hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes, and ovaries.

8. Exocrine glands
Gland that secrete externally
Secrete hormones through a duct that are carried to the body’s surface or to other organs.
Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, pancreas glands.

9. Hormones
Hormones are responsible for many different feelings and drives.
Think about when you are hungry or thirsty? What controls those feelings?
2 Classifications of Hormones
steroid hormones–lipid-based
amino acid hormones–protein-based
Most steroids are amino acid based

10. Hormone receptors
Hormones are transported throughout the body by the blood.
Hormones only affect the tissues and organs that have receptors specific to those particular hormones.
When the hormone binds with its receptor, the hormone is able to influence the activity of the cell.
Upregulated–increased
Example: Exercise upregulates insulin receptors to make them more sensitive to insulin.
Downregulated–decreased

11. Hormone Secretion Control
Endocrine glands are regulated in three different ways:
neural control
epinephrine
hormonal control
hypothalamic-releasing hormone
humoral control
glucagon

12. Neural Control
Nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to release hormones.
Fight-or-Flight Response:
The Sympathetic Nervous System stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
These hormones prime the body to fight or flee from a stressful situation.

13. Hormonal control
Hormonal control of the endocrine glands and organs is achieved by a hierarchy, or chain of command.
Endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus.

14. Example of Hormone Control
Think of the hypothalamus as the president of a company.
The pituitary gland is the vice president.
The other glands serve as managers.
As the president, the hypothalamus directs the activities of the pituitary gland (VP). The pituitary gland then releases its many hormones to direct the “managers”.
The hormones from the “managers” have an end goal to stimulate target tissues.
Once the goal is achieved, the hypothalamus (Pres) and the pituitary gland (VP) receive messages from the managers to turn off the release of hormones.

15. Hormone Secretion Control

16. Humoral Control
Achieved by monitoring the levels of various substances in body fluids, such as the blood.
If a homeostatic imbalance is detected, corrective actions are undertaken to help the body regain homeostasis.

17. Hormones and Homeostasis
Remember: homeostasis is functional balance.
negative feedback
mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis
So, if the function of any one of the organ systems deviates from the normal range, the body takes corrective measures to restore homeostasis.

18. The Hypothalamus
helps regulates body temperature

19. Review and Assessment
True or False? 1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones. 2. Endocrine glands have ducts. 3. Steroid hormones are proteins. 4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated. 5. Glucagon is under humoral control. 1. T 2. F – Exocrine glands 3. F – Fat based 4. F – upregulated or down 5. T

20. END

21. Exit Ticket
The chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands are ________________.
a. electrolytes
b. enzymes
c. hormones
d. lacrimals

22. 2) Which of the following is NOT an example of an exocrine gland. a
2) Which of the following is NOT an example of an exocrine gland? a. salivary glands b. sweat glands c. mammary glands d. adrenal glands

23. 3) Which of the following is NOT a classification of hormones. a
3) Which of the following is NOT a classification of hormones? a. steroid b. amino-acid c. upregulated

24. Major Endocrine Organs
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.2
Major Endocrine Organs

25. Do Now Grab your folders.
Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet.
Chapter 8 Lesson 2 begins on page 275.
You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.

26. Good Afternoon! Grab ONLY your folder and take a seat.
Put your phones in the ziplock bags.
Take out your Final Exam Packets

27. Before We Start…. Let’s Review
Work on the Lesson 8.1 Study Questions Worksheet.
Lesson 8.1 starts on Pg. 268
You can use your book or notes from yesterday.
Answer the following questions:
#’s 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 15

28. Today’s Objectives
Identify the organs and glands of the endocrine system.
Identify the six hormones of the anterior pituitary.
Describe the location and function of the thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal, and adrenal glands. Identify the hormones produced by each of these glands.
Explain the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas.
Identify the sex hormones produced by the gonads

29. Intro Remember: The endocrine system is run by the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland.
Each organ in the endocrine system plays an important role in ensuring it runs smoothly.

30. Major Endocrine Organs

31. The Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a very small gland buried deep in the brain below the thalamus.

32. Regulates the following functions:
The job of the hypothalamus is to collect information from each body system and integrate the responses of the nervous and endocrine systems to maintain homeostatic balance.
Regulates the following functions:
Metabolism, heart rate, nutrient intake, blood pressure, blood composition, emotions, helps regulate sleep.
Although the hypothalamus is part of the nervous system, it is a key part of the endocrine system because produces hypothalamic releasing hormones.

33. The Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland with two lobes: Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary.

34. The Pituitary Gland
Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland function in two ways:
They can act directly on target tissues to cause a specific metabolic response…or
They can stimulate other endocrine glands to release their own hormones.
Pituitary hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands are called tropic hormones (Tropins)

35. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

36. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
The anterior pituitary secretes six different hormones.
prolactin (PRO)
growth of mammary glands
milk production in a nursing mother
growth hormone (GH)
Acts directly on body tissues
Influences the growth of bone and muscles
Helps break down fat for use as a fuel source
GH stimulates fat and proteins to be converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

37. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
3. adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
Acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate release of steroid hormones.
4. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland.

38. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
5. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
in females
Stimulates estrogen production
Stimulates egg production
in males
Stimulates sperm production
6. luteinizing hormone (LH)
Starts ovulation
Production of testosterone

39. Do Now Work on “Learning the Key Terms” Worksheet
Chapter 8 Lesson 2 begins on page 275.
You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are done.
Take out your notes from yesterday when you are done.

40. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
Does not produce hormones, it stores them:
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Not a true endocrine gland because it does not produce its own hormones.

41. antidiuretic hormone
“anti-” meaning against “diuretic” increase urine output
So antidiuretic means to decrease the amount of urine output.
acts on kidney to decrease urine output
Oxytocin
Present in pregnant women.
Produced during labor
acts on uterus, causes contractions and starts the labor process
acts on breast, causes secretion of milk
Women who are past their due date will be given “Pitocin” – synthetic form of oxytocin to induce labor.

42. Major Endocrine Glands
Thyroid gland
Located inferior to the larynx, or Adam’s apple, at the base of the throat.
There are two lobes of the thyroid gland.

43. Secretes 2 Hormones:
thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3
controls rate of metabolism
calcitonin
When blood calcium levels rise, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin.
Calcitonin then causes the calcium in the blood to be deposited and absorbed into the bone.

44. parathyroid gland
Two pairs of glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.
These tiny glands (size of a grain of rice) secrete parathyroid hormones.

45. parathyroid hormone Increases blood calcium level in 3 ways:
Stimulates the breakdown of bone tissue and into the blood.
Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines.
By stimulating kidney resorption of calcium from urine.

46. Major Endocrine Glands
thymus gland
Both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ.
Located under the sternum and anterior to the heart
Becomes smaller as we age
Secretes thymosin
Important for the development of white blood cells called T-lymphocytes (T-Cells)

47. pineal gland Pinecone shaped gland in the brain.
When the body is exposed to darkness, it secretes melatonin.
Melatonin produces sleepiness and are the highest in concentration at night.

48. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

49. Adrenal Glands Located on top of the kidneys. adrenal medulla
Remember: we discussed the fight-or-flight response. This occurs when the adrenal medulla secretes these hormones:
epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenaline rush
Released into the blood during times of physical or emotional stress

50. adrenal cortex Produces three groups of steroid hormones:
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys
glucocorticoids
cortisone and cortisol
promote gluconeogenesis
sex hormones
estrogen and androgens
maintains sexual characteristics

51. Adrenal Glands

52. Pancreas
Long, thin gland located posterior to the stomach in the upper part of the abdominal cavity.

53. Pancreas
Functions as an endocrine gland by secreting hormones that control blood glucose levels.
Also functions as an exocrine gland that excretes digestive enzymes.

54. islets of Langerhans Hormone secreting cells of the pancreas
Composed of:
alpha cells
glucagon
increase blood glucose level
beta cells
Secrete insulin
decrease blood glucose level

55. Gonads Gonads are also known as sex glands. Testes (males)
Testosterone is responsible for:
sperm production
Secondary sex characteristics: greater muscle mass, body hair, facial hair, deeper voice, etc.
Ovaries (females)
estrogen
secondary sexual characteristics: wider hips, enlargement of breasts, etc.
progesterone
menstrual cycle

56. Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin.
The thymus gland produces _______________.
A: Thymosin
2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin and _______________.
A: ADH
3. T4 is also called _______________.
A: Thyroxine

57. END

58. Exit Ticket
Which of the following is NOT a gland in the endocrine system?
a. Hypothalamus
b. Pituitary
c. Thyroid
d. Kidneys

59. 2) How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete. a. 1 b
2) How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete? a. 1 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

60. 3) T or F: The job of the hypothalamus is to collect information from each body system and integrate the responses of the nervous system and endocrine to maintain homeostasis. 4) T or F: The posterior pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland.

61. 5)The hypothalamus is located ______. a
5)The hypothalamus is located ______. a. just below and to the right of the liver. b. behind the sternum, above the diaphragm. c. deep inside the brain. d. inside the thyroid gland.

62. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.3
Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

63. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
pituitary disorders
thyroid disorders
disorders of the parathyroid gland
adrenal medulla disorders
disorders of the adrenal cortex
the pancreas and diabetes mellitus

64. Pituitary Disorders hyperfunction hypofunction
acromegaly, or gigantism
hypofunction
dwarfism
diabetes insipidus

65. Thyroid Disorders hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism goiter Graves disease
myxedema
neonatal hypothyroidism

66. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
disorders of the parathyroid gland
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia
adrenal medulla disorders
pheochromcytoma

67. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
Cushing syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol
Addison’s disease
hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones

68. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
symptoms of diabetes mellitus
polyuria
excessive urination
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyphagia
increased hunger

69. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
type I diabetes mellitus
juvenile-onset
type II diabetes mellitus
adult-onset
insulin resistance
hyperglycemia

70. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria. 1. a result of pituitary hypofunction 2. excessive urination 3. hypersecretion of cortisol 4. a result of hyperthyroidism