1. Using GIS to Incorporate the Spatial Dimensions of Nature and Human Interaction
Brent Read
Dept. of Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Stewardship
Colorado State University

2. Introduction Study of interactions between humans and aquatic species.
Factors influencing where people will go for aquatic recreation.
Methods for creating a cost surface model.
Results (to date).
Conclusions.

3. Factors influencing where people will go for aquatic recreation.
Time
Monetary Costs
Origin/Destination

4. Factors influencing where people will go for aquatic recreation.
Time
The single most important factor in determining an individuals choice of destination (Juliao, 1999 and Bateman, Lovett & Brainard, 1999).
Time spent in travel vs. time spent at the site.
Types if travelers: (Chesire and Stabler 1976)
‘Pure Visitor’
‘Transit Visitor’
‘Meanderer’

5. Factors influencing where people will go for aquatic recreation.
Money
Travel Expenses: Gas Consumption/Tollbooths
Fees
Permits

6. Factors influencing where people will go for aquatic recreation.
Origin
57.4% of visitors travel from San Juan.
30.7% of visitors travel from rural areas near the forest.
11.9% of visitors travel from “Other” areas.
(Kartchner 2002)

8. Factors influencing where people will go for aquatic recreation.
Destination (Nodes)
Site Characteristics
Established Picnic Facilities
Waterfalls
Pools
Flora/Fauna
Vistas
Congestion
Regulations

10. Creating a Time Surface Model
Roads were attributed according to road classification.
They were then attributed according to travel speed.
Route Name/Classification
Travel Speed (MPH)
Hwy 2
65.00
Hwy 3
50.00
Hwy 22
Hwy 52
Hwy 53
60.00
Route 185
40.00
Route 191
35.00
Big Tree Trail
1.05
La Mina Trail
1.12
Caimitillo Trail
0.69
El Yunque Trail
1.07
Mount Britton Trail
1.20
Bano de Oro Trail
0.90
Primary (other)
Secondary (other)
24.70
Tertiary
20.00
Class 4
15.00

11. Creating a Time Surface Model
Values were calculated for conversion to raster.
Preliminary testing of the model was done, comparing results to data from
Juliao (1999)
Where:
CCT – Cell Crossing Time
P – Pixel Size (meters)
TS – Traveling Speed (MPH)

13. Results (To Date)
Time Model
Mean
S.E. Mean
St. Dev
Min
Median
Max R2
Up to 60 minutes
Visitors' estimates
35.0
1.4
18.2 5 40 60
GIS calculation
25.4
0.8
10.8
6.1
24.6
50.5
0.76
Up to 120 minutes
Visitor's estimates
44.1
2.4
33.3
180
26.6
0.86
11.7
25.2
68.4
0.57
Expense Model
2.9
0.2
2.3
2.5
17.5
GIS calculations
4.8
2.2
1.2
4.9
10.7
0.26
GIS Travel Time Model predicts 76% of the visitors’ responses up to 60 minutes.
GIS Travel Time Model predicts 57% of the visitors’ responses up to 120 minutes.
GIS Monetary Cost Model predicts 26% of the visitors’ responses.

14. Results (To Date)
Source DF
Type III SS
Mean Square
F Value
P > F
GIS Predicted Time 1
625.03
<
Survey Location
1043.4
2.56
0.1109
GIS Predicted Time * Survey Location
9837.3
24.11
Model Parameters
Estimate
Standard Error
t Value
P > |t|
Intercept
2.0
1.5
1.36
0.1737
GIS Predicted Time
0.1
19.48
<
Location (Rio Mameyes)
3.4
2.2
1.60
0.1109
Location (Restaurant)
0.0 .
The GIS Model is significantly predicting the visitors’ responses for travel time.
The survey location is not significant.
Further testing must be done to determine other affects (i.e. road classification)

15. Conclusions
The GIS Travel Time Model is capable of predicting 76% of visitors travel time, and can be used to predict travel time for other sites.
The GIS Travel Expense Model poorly predicts travel expenses, and will not be useful ‘as is’ for prediction.

17. References
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Bateman, I. J., I. H. Langford, R. K. Turner, K. G. Willis and G. D. Garrod (1995). Elicitation and truncation effects in contingent valuation studies. Ecological Economics 12,
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(Jan. 19, 2004)
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(Oct. 28, 2002)
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