1. The Furnace of Civil War: 1861-1865
Chapter 21

2. A. Bull Run Ends the “90 Day War”
Public believed the war would be short
Army ill-prepared
Tried an attack just south of DC at Bull Run
Spectator event on July 21, 1861
Confederate victory- effects on both sides

3. B. “Tardy George” McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign
George McClellan- serious student of war, but too cautious
Created morale for his troops
Overestimated Southern forces
Spring waterborne approach to Richmond
7 Days’ Battle- June 26-July 2, pushed Union forces back
Lincoln fired McClellan for the time
What if Union had won battle?
Little disruption of the country
Slavery would have survived

4. B. Continued New Union strategy of total war Blockade the coast
Liberate slaves
Take the Mississippi River to divide the South
Ravage the South by sending troops through GA & the Carolinas
Capture the capital of Richmond
Engage the enemy whenever & wherever possible
known as Anaconda Plan

5. C. The War at Sea Blockade started leaky- focused on cotton ports
Blockade runners- pinched off by 1863
Northern captains stopped British merchants
CSS Virginia vs. USS Monitor
1st battle-tested iron clads
End of wooden fighting ships

7. D. The Pivotal Point: Antietam
Lee vs. Pope at 2nd Bull Run- Aug. 1862
Lee attacked MD
Sept. 17, Antietam Creek
Lincoln had restored McClellan to his position
Military draw, but Lee had to retreat
Mc wouldn’t pursue
British & French had been on the verge of mediation
Then Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation- victory?
Sept. 23, 1862
Effective Jan. 1, 1863
All slaves in states in rebellion were immediately free

8. E. A Proclamation Without Emancipation
Slaves in border states & conquered Southern territory not affected (disunion)
Southern slaves deserted plantations as Union army closed in
Did make the war a moral struggle against slavery
Not officially abolished until 13th amendment in late 1865
Made it an all or nothing fight for the South
Mixed reactions to the proclamation
Convinced British not to support South

9. F. Blacks Battle Bondage
Union army began enlisting black soldiers in 1862
By end there were about 180,000 (10% of total enlistments)
Most came after Emancipation Proclamation
Treatment of captured black soldiers
Ft. Pillow, TN
Blacks not enlisted in Southern army until final month of war
Most used for manual labor, or kept on plantations

10. G. Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg
End of June, Union succeeded in taking control of Mississippi River with Battle of Vicksburg
Battle of Gettysburg- July 1-3, 1863
Lee’s 2nd attempt at attacking the North
Knew if he lost battle it was just a matter of time
Lost after hard fought battle
Vicksburg & Gettysburg greatly improved Lincoln’s & the war’s popularity in the North
Long string of defeats for North
Series of bad generals
Gettysburg Address- Sept proclaimed the war was to create a united and free country

11. H. The War in the West Ulysses Simpson Grant- West Point Graduate
Recommissioned at the beginning of Civil War
Started war in West
Ft. Donnelson, TN & Ft. Henry TN- Cumberland River- important in road to MS River
Shiloh, TN- April
Helped take Vicksburg in June 1863

12. I. Sherman Scorches GA William T. Sherman swept through the Southeast
GA & Carolinas- Sherman’s March to the Sea
Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, Raleigh
Total War- shermanizing the South

13. J. The Politics of War Pressure from Congress
Radical Republicans (Cong. Committee on the Conduct of the War)
Northern Democrats- death of S. Douglas
Clement Vallandigham of Ohio- banished to south

14. K. The Election of 1864 Republicans joined War Democrats
Created the temporary Union Party
Sec. of War Salmon P. Chase opposed Lincoln
Lincoln’s running mate became War Democrat Andrew Johnson
Democrats nominated George McClellan
Series of Northern victories solidified Lincoln’s chances

15. L. Grant Outlasts Lee
Grant placed in command of Army of Potomac after Gettysburg
Eventually outlasted Lee in VA
Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, VA- April 9, 1865

17. M. The Martyrdom of Lincoln
April 14, 1865
Ford’s Theatre, Washington DC
John Wilkes Booth
Died early on April 15

18. N. The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Federal govt. assumed political control that has never been questioned since & gained great power
New system of national banks chartered
Northern economy boomed
Southern economy devastated
Human costs of the war
360,000 Union soldiers died
260,000 Confederates died
275,000 Unions soldiers wounded
225,000 Confederates wounded
Total cost was $15 billion

19. N. Continued Two problems the nation now faced:
th Amendment passed
Lee lost his plantation- Arlington
Two problems the nation now faced:
How to bring the Southern states back
How to integrate the 4 million freed slaves