1. ANTIBIOTICS-Sulfonamides
Sulfonamides(sulfa drugs): are bacteriostatic(stops microbe reproduction)
MOA: microbes need PABA to make adenine/guanine (DNA). Sulfa drugs look like PABA and get used instead.
Indications: UTI, respiratory infection
Reactions: allergies, easy sunburn, kidney damage
Considerations:
Avoid sunlight, drink more water
Examples:
Bactrim
silvadene

2. ANTIBIOTICS-penicillins
The ‘miracle drug’ of WW2. Penicillium mold killed staphylococci plate.
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall formation yields lysis.
Indications: abcess, meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory infection
Reactions: anaphylaxis, rash, diarrhea
Considerations: take with water, avoid cokes/food, can interfere with birth control pills
Examples:
Amoxil
Ampicillin
bactocill

3. ANTIBIOTICS-cephalosporins
cephalosporium fungus killed staph. aureus
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall formation yields lysis.
Indications: URI, sinus infection, surgeries,meningitis
Reactions: anaphylaxis, rash, diarrhea, easy bleeding
Considerations: avoid if allergic to penicillin, diarrheas, can interfere with birth control pills
Examples:
keflex
omnicef
suprax

4. monobactams/carbapenems
Beta-lactam ring(cyclic amine)
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks
cell wall formation yields lysis.
Kills gram negative bacteria.
adverse reaction---like penicillin…possible increased seizures
example--azactram/aztreonam
carbapenems
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks
cell wall formation yields lysis.
Kills gram pos and negative bacteria.
example---impenem/primaxin

5. tetracyclines
MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes,prevents adding new amino acids
indications---acne,bronchitis,walking pneumonia, Lyme disease
adverse reactions---GI issues,sunlight issues
considerations---avoid with dairy, dental birth defects, expired may cause death, avoid under 9yoa
4 hydrocarbon rings
examples----tetracycline/achromycin
doxycycline/monodox

6. macrolides
MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes,prevents adding new amino acids
kills gram positive, enteric coated
indications---clamydia, pulmonary infection
adverse reactions---GI issues, liver
considerations--take with food, do not chew
examples----erythromycins
azithromycin/zithromax
clarithromycin/biaxin

7. ketolides
MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes at 2 sites,prevents adding new amino acids
derived from eryhtromycin structure change
indications---lung/sinus infection
adverse reactions---blurred vision and GI issues, liver
only telithromycin/ketek available in US

8. quinolones block baterial DNA synthesis kills gram neg and positive
indications---bone/joint infection, URI, UTI
adverse reactions---GI issues, dizziness, joint swelling
considerations--avoid antacid, tendon damage, avoid if pregnant
examples----
ciprofloxacin/cipro
levofloxacin/lavaquin

9. streptogramins
inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes
kills gram neg and positive
indications---MRSA
adverse reactions---GI issues, dizziness, joint swelling,site reaction
considerations---must not contact saline, refrigerate
examples----
quinupristin-dalfopristin combo /synercid

10. aminoglycosides
inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes
indications---sepsis, life threatening infection
adverse reactions---nephrotoxic, ototoxic, tinnitus,deafness
considerations---adjust doses examples----
neomycin/mycifradin
streptomycin/streptomycin
tobracycin/nebcin

11. glycopeptide
Inhibit cell wall synthesis, not active against gram-negative bacteria
Only vancomycin/vancocin is FDA approved
Used for MRSA or serious, life-threatening infections by gram-positive bacteria unresponsive to other antibiotics
Reactions—redman flush,thrombophelitis, injection necrosis site, bone marrow suppression
Mostly IV route

12. Kill the microbe Sterilization—all microbes dead
Filtration---removed not dead(HEPA)
UV radiation---lethal
Disinfectant---reduced microbe population
Sanitization---safe level still alive
Antiseptic---inhibit growth