1. Hyoid Bone Also called hyoid ________________
Supports base of tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx and assists in swallowing.
Composed of several pieces that are united by cartilage.

2. Spinal Column (aka vertebral column)
Divided into 5 sections:
Cervical (7,neck, C)
Thoracic (13-18, chest, T)
Lumbar (6-7, abdomen, L)
Sacral (3-5, pelvis, S)
Coccygeal (5-23, tail, Cy)
Refer to vertebrae by letter designation and number designation.
Spinal Column (aka vertebral column)

3. VERTEBRA CHARACTERISTICS
Body
Ventral portion of the bone.
Separated from other vertebrae by intervertebral discs of ______________ cartilage.
Arch
dorsal to body
helps to make up spinal canal to allow passage of the spinal cord.

4. VERTEBRA CHARACTERISTICS
Transverse Processes
Two processes that project laterally
Articular Processes
2 on both the cranial and caudal ends of vertebrae
Spinous Process
Single and projects dorsally

5. Cervical Vertebrae Neck region ____________ is C1 ____________ is C2
Has __________ that can be palpated
Has no vertebral body, is a ring which spinal cord passes through.
____________ is C2
Has large blade-like spinous process and a ___________ that fits into atlas

6. Lumbar Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae Chest region
Have tall ____________ processes.
Number of vertebrae = number of ________ pairs
Dorsal to abdominal region.
Prominent cranial-directed _______________ processes
Lumbar Vertebrae

7. Sacral Vertebrae Coccygeal Vertebrae
Pelvic region
Vertebrae fused together to form one single, solid structure.
Called the _____________.
Joins pelvis via sacroiliac joint.
Coccygeal Vertebrae
- Bones of the tail.
- Cranial vertebrae have arches, bodies and processes, caudal vertebrae are rods of bone
- In humans fuse into coccyx.

8. Ribs Form the movable, lateral walls of the thorax.
Term for rib is ____________.
_______________ ribs aka “true ribs” attach to sternum
_______________ ribs aka “false ribs“ make up caudal part of thorax.
Unattached ribs are called ______________ ribs.
Ribs

9. STERNUM -Breastbone -Made up of sternebrae
-Most cranial sternebrae is _________________
-Most caudal sternebrae is called __________________ process.

10. Appendicular Skeleton (limb bones)
Thoracic Limb
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones (carpus)
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges 10

11. Scapula Humerus Most proximal bone
Flat with ridge on lateral surface referred to as the ________________.
The acromion is the projection on the distal aspect of the spine.
_________________ cavity forms socket of shoulder joint
Long bone of upper arm/brachium
Proximal end: head for shoulder joint, tubercles for muscle attachment.
Distal end: condyle and _________________ fossa that form the elbow joint
Humerus

12. Ulna Radius Forms antebrachium. Proximally, forms elbow joint
Distally forms the _____________ (except in the horse).
Point of the elbow = olecranon process
Trochlear ___________: concave articular surface that secures elbow.
Styloid process forms the distal end.
Weight bearing bone of antebrachium.
Proximally, forms elbow joint, distal end forms carpus
Radius

13. Carpal Bones _______ rows of bones.
Is the “____________”, but commonly known as knee of horses
Proximal row bones have names
Radial carpal bone, Intermediate carpal (if present) Ulnar carpal bone, Accessory carpal bone
Distal row bones numbered medial to lateral:
(1st carpal, 2nd carpal, etc)

14. Numbered from _____________ to ____________ (dewclaw being number 1 in dogs and cats).
Horses have one large metacarpal III bone (_____________ bone) and two non-weight bearing metacarpal II & IV bones (_____________ bones).
Cattle have fused metacarpal bones (III & IV) with a groove dividing them
Metacarpal Bones

15. Phalanges (singular = phalanx)
Digits are numbered from medial to lateral, just as metacarpals are.
Each digit is made up of __________________ (proximal-P1, middle-P2, distal-P3)
Exception: first digit lacks a middle phalanx
Distal phalanx of dogs and cats have an _______________ crest that produces the claw.

16. BOVINE & EQUINE PHALANGES
In horses, phalanges are also called the Long and Short Pastern bones and Coffin bone.
Horses and cattle have proximal (2) and distal (1) sesamoid bones.
Distal sesamoid in horse = navicular bone
Horses have one weight-bearing digit (III) and cattle have two (III & IV)
LONG PASTERN
SHORT PASTERN
COFFIN BONE