1. Iraq

2. Background Created at the end of WWI Treaty of Versailles
Combined 3 ethic groups
Kurds (North)
Sunni’s (Central)
Shia (South)

3. Government British established a Monarchy
1958: The Kings assassination brings a military dictatorship
1968: Ba’ath Party takes control by assassination
Secularism: A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations
Pan-Arabism: movement to establish one great Arab Nation
Socialism
Saddam Hussein takes power and becomes dictator in 1979
Authoritarian control:

4. Iran- Iraq War 1980-1988 Results? 1 million people die
Saddams power is threatened
Low funds threatens economy

5. Results From Iran Iraq War Leads To:
Invasion of Kuwait
Results of Invasion of Kuwait?
Iraq puts troops on Saudi Arabia’s border
- Saudi Arabia asks for US/ UN protection
US / UN troops sent to Saudi Arabia
Angers Osama Bin Laden

6. Persian Gulf War Purpose: Remove Iraq from Kuwait
Jan. 16th 1991: U.S. begins bombing forces in Kuwait and in Iraq
Feb. 23- U.N. forces invade Kuwait
March 3 Iraq signs cease fire
Iraq agrees to:
No biological/ chemical/ nuclear weapons
Open to U.N. weapons inspections
No fly zones (to protect Kurdish, Shia Iraqi’s)

7. September 11, 2001
Al-Qaeda – based in Afghanistan – stages terrorist attacks at the World Trade Center and Pentagon
Over 3,000 killed
President George W. Bush demand the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden
They refuse
October 2001: America goes to war in Afghanistan

8. Bush Doctrine
The United States will attack first against any nation that poses a threat to the security of the United States or its allies

9. Leading Up To War United States identifies Iraq as a threat
Broke cease fire agreement 17 times
Repeatedly kicked weapons inspectors out of Iraq
Police once held inspectors in parking lot for 2 days at gunpoint
US points to evidence that Saddam is developing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD’s)
President Bush declares Saddam Hussein a threat to the safety of the United States
Why?
Issues Feb as deadline for Saddam to step down from power
Deadline ignored

10. War in Iraq March 2003: U.S. invades Iraq
78,000 troops
Saddam’s government quickly collapses
US confident that end of war is near
Without clear authority- violence breaks out
Looting
Ethnic violence
Not enough US troops to control the situation
Police were disbanded

11. American Forces 168,000 by 2007 Patrols through cities
Attempting to provide stability in order to establish a Democratic government
Training a national army/ police force
Patrols through cities
Leading raids on suspected insurgents

12. Iraqi Government? Should Iraq be divided up into 3 separate nations?
Problem:
North (Kurds): Oil. Water resources
Sunni (North): No water or oil resources
Shia (South): Oil/ water resources. Connection to Iran
Dec. 2005: Parliamentary elections successfully held
Democracy is established
Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki

13. Guerilla Warfare No uniformed combatants Hit and run tactics Effect:
Improvised Explosive Device (IEDS)
Ambush
Then mix with population
Effect:
Frustration
Who’s the enemy?
Increased civilians killed (collateral damage)

14. First Resistance: Former Soldiers
2003 US takes control of Iraq
Disbands Army
Unemployed
Used to be in power
Trained to Fight
Goal
Political

15. Resistance Changes: Al-Qaeda
Brought to Iraq by Al-Zarqawi
Later killed by US
Brings international army
Recruited former soldiers with money
Began to teach them of new goal
Goal
Religious

16. What’s the difference? Sunni Shi’ite
When Muhammad died believed Islams leader should chosen
Blamed for death of Muhammad’s Nephew
Calligraphy (quotes from Koran) main decoration
90% of worlds Muslims
Shi’ite
When Muhammad died  believed Islams leader should be his cousin and follow blood line
Portraiture main decoration
10% of worlds Muslims

17. Sunni’s/ Shi’ites Sunni Shi’ite Southern Iraq Great wealth of oil
Central Iraq
Little oil or water
20% population
Has controlled the area for over 1200 years
Lost power with removal of Saddam Hussein
Al-Qaeda later joins causes
Shi’ite
Southern Iraq
Great wealth of oil
60% of population
Close connection with Iran
Iran is a Shi’ite nation
Political social vengeance

18. Kurds Kurds Northern Iraq 17% of population Little Oil Wealth
Mostly Sunni Muslims
Different ethnic group
Different religious traditions
Persecuted by Saddam
Wants
Separate State

19. Reasons for Sectarian Violence (violence between sects)?
Mostly political/ economic control
Sunni’s controlled Shi’ites in Iraq area for over 1200 years
Although a minority
2003 US invades Sunni’s out of power
2005 First Democratic election Sunni’s protest by no voting Shi’ites in control
Sunni’s want it back
Most oil wealth in Southern Iraq

20. Why Are They Fighting? (2)
Vengeance
Saddam kept order by viciously oppressing Shi’ites
Hundreds of thousands killed
Attacks on Sunni religious symbols
Bombings on Mosques
Saddam hung on Sunni religious holiday

21. Other Groups Al-Qaeda (Sunni) Osama Bin Laden
Brought to Iraq by Al-Zarqawi
Mission
Spread Fundamentalist Islam
Remove US from Middle East

22. Other Groups (2) Shi’ite Militia Al-Sadr (powerful cleric)
Father killed by Saddam (Sunni)
Connected with Iran
Mission
Establish Fundamentalist Shi’ite Control over Iraq
Remove US from Iraq

23. Other Groups (3) Iran Spread power of Shi’ite Islam
Gain control of great oil supply
Become a powerful leader in the Middle East

24. President Obama Changes Policy
2008 troops levels of 142,000 troops will be reduced to 25-30,000 by end of 2010.
Iraqi Army / police will take on more responsibility
US troops will be based outside of cities
For support of Iraqi troops
US troops will leave Iraq by end of 2011

25. Iraq So Far 48,000 troops currently in Iraq Saddam Hussein captured
For support
Saddam Hussein captured
Tried and executed
Democracy established
4,436US troops killed
Over 32,000 US troops wounded
$900 Billion so far