1. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

3. straight chain branched chain ring
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures
straight chain
branched chain
ring

4. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

5. Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
Always contain carbon Contain other elements
Made by living organisms
(exception: CO and CO2)
Covalent bonds Ionic bonds
Most are large molecules Most are small molecules
with many atoms with few atoms

6. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic acid

7. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are exactly twice as many Hydrogen as Oxygen

8. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
Monomer-Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
Polymer-Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

9. Polymer (starch) Polymer (cellulose)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

10. Cellulose in a plant’s cell wall
Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Cellulose in a plant’s cell wall

11. ADDITIONAL CARBOHYDRATES NOTES Carbohydrates frequently have isomers Isomers: same chemical formula, different structural formula
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

12. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
There are always more than twice as many hydrogen as oxygen in lipids.
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Monomers: fatty acids and glycerol
Triglyceride

13. Lipids have 2 main functions:
broken down as a source of long term energy
make up cell membranes
Examples: animal fats, oils (plants) & waxes

14. Hormones do more than regulate reproduction. These are brain cells…
used to make hormones
Hormones do more than regulate reproduction. These are brain cells…

15. Fats & Oils (Additional Notes on Lipids)
Fats & Oils are a major category of lipids.

16. Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats Hydrogenated Fats Types of Fats & Oils
There are 3 main types:
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Hydrogenated Fats

17. Saturated Fats
Generally animal fats Examples: butter, shortening, lard Solid at room temperature Full of Hydrogen atoms

18. Unsaturated Fats Generally found in plants Examples:
olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil
Liquid at room temperature
Missing Hydrogen atoms
[Causes double bonds between C atoms]

19. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids

20. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar phosphate “head”- Hydrophilic
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”- Hydrophobic
Phospholipid

21. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and Nitrogen.
Monomer: Amino Acid
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in R groups.

22. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
Function of proteins: Build cell parts
Examples of proteins:
Hemoglobin
Insulin
Enzymes (like pepsin)

23. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

24. Additional Protein Notes
Proteins are strings of amino acids.
The number and order of amino acids makes each enzyme different
Enzymes are a special kind of protein
Enzymes speed up processes in living things.
They help break things down (like in digestion)
They help build things (like cell parts)

25. Because of its structure, an enzyme can attach to only one kind of molecule
Substrates
Active site
substrates (reactants)
Substrates bind to an enzyme at places called active sites.

26. Example of Enzyme working
Substrates bind to an enzyme at certain places called active sites.
The catalyzed reaction forms a product that is released from the enzyme.
The enzyme brings substrates together and weakens their bonds.

27. Nucleic acids (like DNA) are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

28. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms
Monomer: Nucleotides
Nucleotides are made of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

29. -DNA stores genetic information.
Function: code information
Examples: DNA & RNA
-DNA stores genetic information.
DNA
RNA
-RNA builds proteins.

30. Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
Always contain carbon Contain other elements
Made by living organisms
(exception: CO and CO2)
Covalent bonds Ionic bonds
Most are large molecules Most are small molecules
with many atoms with few atom

31. Types of Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids