1. Biology Notes Biochemistry Part 3 Pages 44-48

2. Standards
2.2
___ Describe the basic molecular structure and primary functions of the four categories of biological molecules
___ Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible
___ Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things
2.4
2.5

3. ___ Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo.
___ Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes.
2.6
2.7

4. Essential Question Why are carbon based molecules the
foundation of life?

5. I. Nutrients of Life
Nutrient = substances in _______ that supply the ________ and raw materials our bodies use for growth, repair, and maintenance
Nutrients can be broken down into 2 large categories: __________ compounds and __________ compounds
food
energy
inorganic
organic

6. A. Inorganic Compounds = compounds that do not contain _________
Inorganic molecules are usually smaller and more _________
The groups of inorganic molecules that are necessary to life include: ________, _______, and ___________
carbon
simple
water
salts
minerals

8. B. Organic compounds = compounds that contain the element __________
Carbon is the backbone of ______ because it has the ability to make __________ of compounds. Unlike many elements, carbon is special because:
carbon can bond to ____ different atoms
carbon can bond to ________ and form long chains & ________
carbon
life
millions 4
itself
rings

9. c. carbon can form single, double, or triple _______ with other atoms
these bonds will be ___________
bonds
covalent

10. Overall, there are four groups of organic molecules found in food that we need to survive: _______________, _____________, ____________, and _______________
carbohydrates
lipids / fats
proteins
nucleic acids

11. II. Structure & Function of Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates = compounds made up of ___, ___, and ___ in a ratio of 1:2:1
This means for every ___ carbon atom there are ___ hydrogen atoms and ____ oxygen atom
e.g. C H O 1 2 1
C6H12O6 , C11H22O11

13. Sugars (Small Monomer Structure):
monosaccharides = simple sugar molecules that contain ____ carbon atoms
e.g.
3-6
glucose, fructose, galactose

14. disaccharides = sugars made of ___ covalently bonded monosaccharides
lactose = glucose + __________ /
found in _______
maltose = _________ + glucose /
found in ________
sucrose = glucose + _________ /
common table _______ 2
galactose
milk
glucose
beer
fructose
sugar

15. Starches (Large Polymer Structure):
polysaccharides = giant ___________ of carbohydrates that consist of thousands of covalently _________ monosaccharides and disaccharides
glycogen – found in ________
starch – found in foods such as ______, potatoes, and _______
polymers
bonded
animals
rice
bread

16. cellulose – polymer found in _________ foods such as ______________ and ______
fibrous
whole wheat
bran

17. Monomer to Polymer

18. Functions of Carbohydrates
The main function of carbohydrates is to provide ________ to the body
b. Excess carbohydrates in the body can be stored in the form of __________ by the liver and skeletal muscle to be used at a later time
c. although the body cannot digest _________ found in fibrous food like ____________, it is still important because it helps keep you “_________”
energy
glycogen
cellulose
bran / wheat
regular

19. d. __________ is also the compound that makes up cell ______ found in plants
Cellulose
walls

20. Lipids / Fats = ____________compounds that contain ___, ___, and a very small amount of ___
e.g.
Lipids / fats are the only group of organic molecules in which there are no __________ or polymers
Instead, lipids / fats consist of one _________ molecule covalently bonded to many _______ acid molecules
Non-polar C H O
waxes, oils, steroids & cholesterol
monomers
glycerol
fatty

22. There are, however, ___ types of lipids/ fats:
saturated fats = fats that contain the maximum number of ____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains
usually solids at
room temperature
like ________ and
__________ 2
hydrogen
acid
grease
butter / lard

23. unsaturated fats = fats that contain at least one double ________ between carbon atoms and have a lower number of _____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains
usually liquids at
room temperature like
_____________ and
_____________
bond
hydrogen
acid
peanut oil
canola oil

25. triglyceride = lipid compound made of ___ glycerol molecule bonded to __ fatty acid chains1 3
Triglyceride

26. the phospholipid is the type of lipid that makes up _____ membranes 1
phospholipid = lipid compound made of ___ glycerol molecule bonded to ___ fatty acid chains and ___ phospholipid (____)
the phospholipid is the type of lipid that makes up _____ membranes 1 2
PO4 1
cell
Phospholipid

27. cholesterol = lipid compound that has a _____ structure
cholesterol is needed by the body make ________ hormones, added protection in _______ and provides structural support in cell ____________
ring
steroid
joints
membranes

28. Functions of Lipids:
The main function of lipids / fats is to provide the body with materials for building ___________ barriers in the body like _____ membranes around cells
waterproof
cell

29. c. An excess of fats is dangerous to health e.g.
b. Lipids / fats also function to ________ the body and protect our ________ organs
the body takes all excess _____ not being used and chemically converts it to ____ which is stored on the body
c. An excess of fats is dangerous to health
e.g.
insulate
internal
food
fat
high cholesterol, risk of heart
disease

30. C. Proteins = Polymeric compounds composed of amino acids which contain the elements ___, ___, ___, and ___
animal proteins are found in foods like _______ and ______
plant proteins are found in foods like _________________ and __________ C H O N
beef
fish
beans (legumes)
spinach

31. Monomers of Proteins:
amino acids = small compounds consisting of an amino group (____), a carboxyl group (_______), and individual ___ groups _____________ bonded together to make _________
-NH2
-COOH R
covalently
proteins

32. peptide bond = the special bonds that exists between the _______ group and the _________ group in an amino acid
there are over ____ different types of amino acids because the _____ groups differ
amino
carboxyl 20

34. Functions of Proteins:
Proteins are probably the most important group of nutrients for the body because they have a wide range of ___________. These functions include:
movement and formation of _______ and muscles
e.g.
functions
bones
collagen / actin & myosin

36. b. controlling the rates of _________ reactions
e.g.
c. transporting substances in and out of cells
chemical
enzymes
hemoglobin

37. fighting off _________
e.g.
regulation and _____________
disease
antibodies
homeostasis
insulin

38. D. Nucleic Acids = Polymeric compounds composed of nucleotides which contain the elements ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___
e.g. C H O N P
DNA , RNA

39. Monomers of Nucleic Acids:
nucleotide = small compounds that consist of a ____________ group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous _______
e.g.
phosphate
base
adenine, thymine, guanine,
cytosine & uracil

40. A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

42. Functions of Nucleic Acids
The main function of nucleic acids is to work together to make ___________
DNA stores hereditary information for building the ___________
RNA helps to build the ________
proteins
proteins
proteins

43. DNA
RNA