1. THE FUTURE OF MOBILE LEARNING: EMPOWERING HUMAN MEMORY AND LITERACY
DANIELLE M. VILLEGAS
DAIR COMMUNICATIONS

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WHO AM I?
DANIELLE M. VILLEGAS
INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT
DAIR COMMUNICATIONS
BLOGGER
TECHCOMMGEEKMOM.COM
ADJUNCT INSTRUCTOR
NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

3. WHAT WILL I UNDERSTAND WHEN I LEAVE HERE? MOBILE MINDSET.
Understand the evolution of early efforts to create and promote literacy, and how it’s tied to m-learning
Explain basic concepts behind m-learning practices and instructional design
Why “mobile first” needs to be adopted as your first method of course design now

4. ORALITY AND EARLY LITERACY
Humans started out with an oral culture to understand how to retain verbalized information
But especially difficult for recalling the solution for a complex problem.
Walter Ong wrote, “Orality and Literacy”,
--Think of songs, poems with stanza, psalms from the bible, etc.

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ORALITY AND EARLY LITERACY
To fix this problem, the technology of writing was created
Ong –In a primary oral culture, to solve effectively the problem of retaining and retrieving carefully articulated thought, you have to do your thinking in mnemonic patterns, shaped for ready oral re-occurrence.
Important because it allowed human thought to be retained and trigger memory

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ORALITY AND EARLY LITERACY
Socrates:
Writing destroyed memory and weakened the mind
Writing was passive because it didn’t allow for the give-and-take of natural speech

7. HOW DOES THIS ALL RELATE TO LITERACY?
3 Types of Learning Systems
s-Learning – Speech
p-Learning – Paper
e-Learning – Electronic Technology
Each supplement or support each other rather than replace each other.
Differ in how knowledge is presented, preserved, and/or delivered.
According to a research conducted by Ya, Hao, and Hobbs, there are 3 types of learning systems as the primary medium to promote learning

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E-LEARNING EMERGES
COMPUTERS HOLD VAST AMOUNTS OF INFO IN ONE PLACE--THE AMOUNT OF DATA IS OVERWHELMING, BUT…
E-LEARNING= ~30+ YEARS OLD
YOU ONLY NEED TO SEE ONE SMALL PORTION OF THAT LIBRARY AT A TIME

9. INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN NEEDED A SOLUTION!
LEARNING OBJECTS
SMALL CHUNKS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
CATALOGUED BY METADATA
REUSABLE BY DESIGN
DIGITAL IN FORMAT

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MOBILE TECHNOLOGY - NO LONGER STUCK TO A DESK
WHAT CHANGED?
WEB SOCIAL MEDIA CONNECTIVITY

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WHICH MEANS…
LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFO NEED TO BE BROKEN INTO REUSABLE CHUNKS THAT ALLOW MORE FLEXIBILITY
LMS NEEDED TO BE DEVELOPED TO ACCOMMODATE BUILDING COURSES AND CURRICULUMS
LEARNING OBJECTS COULD BE ANYTHING - VIDEO, AUDIO PODCAST, IMAGE, AND USED IN MANY DIFFERENT CONTEXTS

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WHAT IS M-LEARNING?
Mobile learning is a convenient, current day means of delivering informational content to learners using current mobile technology devices.

13. MISCONCEPTIONS OF M-LEARNING
IT'S JUST THE TRANSFERENCE OF E-LEARNING ON A SMALLER DEVICE
SMALL SCREENS, LIKE ON SMARTPHONES, ARE TOO LIMITING
PROGRAMMING FOR MOBILE DEVICES IS COSTLY
EVERYTHING IS SOLELY CENTERED AROUND THE CONTENT
ONLY WORKS WHEN CONNECTED TO THE INTERNET
ALWAYS HAS TO BE INTERACTIVE
LIMITED TO SMARTPHONES

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MOBILE INCLUDES:
SMARTPHONES
TABLETS
AUDIO DEVICES
PORTABLE GAME DEVICES
OLD-STYLE CELL PHONES (CAN RECEIVE TEXT/SMS MESSAGES)
E-BOOKS

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MOBILE ALSO INCLUDES:
WEARABLES
VIRTUAL REALITY (ex. Blippar or Layar)
NFC & RFID ENABLED DEVICES

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MOBILE LEARNING IS:
SHORTER IN DURATION
DESIGNED FOR INSTANT USE
CAN BE PERSONALIZED
CAN INCLUDE DATA COLLECTION OR USER-GENERATED CONTENT
ALL ABOUT CAPABILITIES - EXPERIENCE OVER TECHNOLOGY
RIGHT PERSON, RIGHT TIME, AND RIGHT PLACE
M-LEARNING IS NOT THE TECHNOLOGY ITSELF, BUT IT'S THE TECHNOLOGY THAT ALLOWS M-LEARNING TO HAPPEN, AND WE NEED TO ADAPT

17. TOOLS AVAILABLE THROUGH MOBILE:
PUSH TECHNOLOGY
CAMERA
GPS
AUDIO FILES & WORD-PROCESSING APPS
CONNECTIVITY
NFC & RFID
CHATBOTS

18. WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF MOBILE?
DEVICES CAN BE WHEREVER THAT USER/LEARNER IS.

19. WHEN IS M-LEARNING APPROPRIATE?
WHEN LEARNING FOR THE FIRST TIME?
WHEN WANTING TO LEARN MORE?
WHEN TRYING TO REMEMBER?
WHEN THINGS CHANGE?
WHEN SOMETHING GOES WRONG?
Based on Judy Brown’s adaptation of Gottfredson’s 5 Moments of Learning Needs…Is m-learning appropriate…

20. UNDERSTANDING M-LEARNING
We need to look not only at how learners need to learn, but how they are going to learn it.
Usefulness = solving the problem through a right set of functionality at the right time
Usability = user-friendly interface where learner can learn smoothly and naturally, and meaning relates to a functionally-sound use of visuals so as to allow for an effective usability.
Mayra Aixa Villar, “It is the types of interactions between content and the learner that constitutes, in fact, the process of learning…”

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M-LEARNING THEORY
BEST WAY TO DELIVER CONTENT THAT ALLOWS LEARNERS TO ACTUALLY LEARN AND RETAIN INFORMATION USING MOBILE DEVICES?
UNDERSTAND THE CONTEXT OF WHERE, WHEN AND HOW THE INFORMATION IS USED
BRING BACK IDEAS OF CHUNKING - USING LEARNING OBJECTS
USE MULTIMEDIA
USE REUSABLE INFO THAT CAN BE CHANGED WITHOUT AFFECTING OTHER LEARNING OBJECTS, AND STORED FOR ANYTIME REMOTE ACCESS.

22. HOW TO PROMOTE & ENHANCE LEARNER INTERACTION?
SEND A MULTIMEDIA MESSAGE TO MOBILE PHONES TO TRIGGER AND MOTIVATE LEARNERS
SEARCH THE WEB FOR RELATING INFORMATION BY USING EMBEDDED HYPERLINKS (URLS)IN THE MESSAGE RECEIVED IN THE PHONE
DISCUSS WITH LEARNING PEERS BY TEXT, VOICE, PICTURE OR VIDEO MESSAGING
PRODUCE A DIGITAL STORY TELLING OF WHAT THEY LEARN BY AUDIO OR VIDEO DIARY (MOB BLOGGING JOURNAL)
APPLY WHAT THEY ARE LEARNING IN A SIMULATED ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS ONLINE EDUCATIONAL GAMING
Based on Shih’s Mobile Learning Model, which is based on Keller’s ARC Model of Motivations Shih suggests that the use of a mobile device provides the possibility of increased activity that will allow for deeper learning.

23. M-LEARNING CHALLENGES
DEVICE VARIABILITY
SLOW DOWNLOAD SPEEDS AND LIMITED INTERNET ACCESS
SMALL SCREEN SIZES WITH POOR RESOLUTION, COLOR AND CONTRAST
AWKWARD TEXT INPUT
LIMITED MEMORY
STARTING TO OVERCOME THESE THROUGH RESPONSIVE DESIGN TOOLS

24. MOBILE STATS YOU SHOULD KNOW!
PER PEW RESEARCH PROJECT:
92% OF ALL AMERICAN ADULTS HAVE A CELL PHONE (4/15)
68% OWN A SMARTPHONE (6/15)
19% OWN AN E-READER (4/15—it was 32% in 1/14)
45% OWN A TABLET (4/15)
70% OF ALL CELL PHONE USERS AND 86% OF SMARTPHONE USERS HAVE USED PHONES TO OBTAIN "JUST-IN-TIME" INFORMATION - ONLINE INFORMATION (4/12)
43% OF RESPONDENTS SPEND MORE TIME ON TABLETS THAN DESKTOP/LAPTOPS (THINK MOBILE WITH GOOGLE, 2011)

25. MOBILE IMPLEMENTATION
NOT MANY STUDIES YET, BUT LOTS OF ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE
THE MOBILE PROPOSITION FOR EDUCATION REPORT (GSMA MOBILE EDUCATION, 2012).
REAL TIME INTERACTION ALLOWED STUDENTS TO FEEL LESS ISOLATED & SUPPORTED, AND IMPROVED LITERACY RATES
This report supports how mobile education provides outlet for vo-tech ed & training, consistent connectivity to children, support for students w/learning disabilities/difficulties, etc.

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SUMMARY:
Early practices of using speech, learning segments, and print can be applied to m-learning
M-Learning is an opportunity to provide learning anytime, anywhere for anyone with access to a mobile device.
The main adjustment for m-Learning is adjusting one’s mindset on how to design—mobile first! Use the tools available on the device!
This shift can actually help promote greater opportunity for memory and literacy by teaching information in smaller, more personalized “chunks” for retention.

27. QUESTIONS/DISCUSSION?

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