1. Socket UDP H. Fauconnier 1-1 M2-Internet Java

2. UDP H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 2

3. 3 Socket programming with UDP UDP: no connection between client and server no handshaking sender explicitly attaches IP address and port of destination to each segment OS attaches IP address and port of sending socket to each segment Server can extract IP address, port of sender from received segment application viewpoint UDP provides unreliable transfer of groups of bytes (datagrams) between client and server Note: the official terminology for a UDP packet is datagram. In this class, we instead use UDP segment. H. Fauconnier

4. Running example Client: User types line of text Client program sends line to server Server: Server receives line of text Capitalizes all the letters Sends modified line to client Client: Receives line of text Displays M2-Internet Java 4 H. Fauconnier

5. M2-Internet Java 5 Client/server socket interaction: UDP Server (running on hostid ) close clientSocket read datagram from clientSocket create socket, clientSocket = DatagramSocket() Client Create datagram with server IP and port=x; send datagram via clientSocket create socket, port= x. serverSocket = DatagramSocket() read datagram from serverSocket write reply to serverSocket specifying client address, port number H. Fauconnier

6. M2-Internet Java 6 Example: Java client (UDP) Output: sends packet (recall that TCP sent byte stream) Input: receives packet (recall thatTCP received byte stream) Client process client UDP socket H. Fauconnier

7. M2-Internet Java 7 Example: Java client (UDP) import java.io.*; import java.net.*; class UDPClient { public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { BufferedReader inFromUser = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); DatagramSocket clientSocket = new DatagramSocket(); InetAddress IPAddress = InetAddress.getByName("hostname"); byte[] sendData = new byte[1024]; byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024]; String sentence = inFromUser.readLine(); sendData = sentence.getBytes(); Create input stream Create client socket Translate hostname to IP address using DNS H. Fauconnier

8. M2-Internet Java 8 Example: Java client (UDP), cont. DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress, 9876); clientSocket.send(sendPacket); DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length); clientSocket.receive(receivePacket); String modifiedSentence = new String(receivePacket.getData()); System.out.println("FROM SERVER:" + modifiedSentence); clientSocket.close(); } Create datagram with data-to-send, length, IP addr, port Send datagram to server Read datagram from server H. Fauconnier

9. M2-Internet Java 9 Example: Java server (UDP) import java.io.*; import java.net.*; class UDPServer { public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(9876); byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024]; byte[] sendData = new byte[1024]; while(true) { DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length); serverSocket.receive(receivePacket); Create datagram socket at port 9876 Create space for received datagram Receive datagram H. Fauconnier

10. M2-Internet Java 10 Example: Java server (UDP), cont String sentence = new String(receivePacket.getData()); InetAddress IPAddress = receivePacket.getAddress(); int port = receivePacket.getPort(); String capitalizedSentence = sentence.toUpperCase(); sendData = capitalizedSentence.getBytes(); DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress, port); serverSocket.send(sendPacket); } Get IP addr port #, of sender Write out datagram to socket End of while loop, loop back and wait for another datagram Create datagram to send to client H. Fauconnier

11. UDP observations & questions Both client server use DatagramSocket Dest IP and port are explicitly attached to segment. What would happen if change both clientSocket and serverSocket to mySocket? Can the client send a segment to server without knowing the servers IP address and/or port number? Can multiple clients use the server? M2-Internet Java 11 H. Fauconnier

12. DatagramPacket Un paquet contient au plus 65,507 bytes Pour construire les paquet public DatagramPacket(byte[] buffer, int length) public DatagramPacket(byte[] buffer, int offset, int length) Pour construire et envoyer public DatagramPacket(byte[] data, int length, InetAddress destination, int port) public DatagramPacket(byte[] data, int offset, int length, InetAddress destination, int port) public DatagramPacket(byte[] data, int length, SocketAddress destination, int port) public DatagramPacket(byte[] data, int offset, int length, SocketAddress destination, int port) H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 12

13. Exemple String s = "On essaie…"; byte[] data = s.getBytes("ASCII"); try { InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getByName("www.liafa.jussieu.fr "); int port = 7;// existe-t-il? DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, ia, port); } catch (IOException ex) } H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 13

14. Méthodes Adresses public InetAddress getAddress( )InetAddress public int getPort( ) public SocketAddress getSocketAddress( )SocketAddress public void setAddress(InetAddress remote) public void setPort(int port) public void setAddress(SocketAddress remote) H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 14

15. Méthodes (suite) Manipulation des données: public byte[] getData( ) public int getLength( ) public int getOffset( ) public void setData(byte[] data) public void setData(byte[] data, int offset, int length ) public void setLength(int length) H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 15

16. Exemple import java.net.*; public class DatagramExample { public static void main(String[] args) { String s = "Essayons."; byte[] data = s.getBytes( ); try { InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getByName("www.liafa.jussieu.fr"); int port =7; DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, ia, port); System.out.println(" Un packet pour" + dp.getAddress( ) + " port " + dp.getPort( )); System.out.println("il y a " + dp.getLength( ) + " bytes dans le packet"); System.out.println( new String(dp.getData( ), dp.getOffset( ), dp.getLength( ))); } catch (UnknownHostException e) { System.err.println(e); } H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 16

17. DatagramSocket Constructeurs public DatagramSocket( ) throws SocketException public DatagramSocket(int port) throws SocketException public DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress interface) throws SocketException public DatagramSocket(SocketAddress interface) throws SocketException (protected DatagramSocket(DatagramSocketImpl impl) throws SocketException) H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 17

18. Exemple java.net.*; public class UDPPortScanner { public static void main(String[] args) { for (int port = 1024; port <= 65535; port++) { try { // exception si utilisé DatagramSocket server = new DatagramSocket(port); server.close( ); } catch (SocketException ex) { System.out.println("Port occupé" + port + "."); } // end try } // end for } H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 18

19. Envoyer et recevoir public void send(DatagramPacket dp) throws IOException public void receive(DatagramPacket dp) throws IOException H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 19

20. Un exemple: Echo UDPServeur UDPEchoServeur UDPEchoClient SenderThread ReceiverThread H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 20

21. Echo: UDPServeur import java.net.*; import java.io.*; public abstract class UDPServeur extends Thread { private int bufferSize; protected DatagramSocket sock; public UDPServeur(int port, int bufferSize) throws SocketException { this.bufferSize = bufferSize; this.sock = new DatagramSocket(port); } public UDPServeur(int port) throws SocketException { this(port, 8192); } public void run() { byte[] buffer = new byte[bufferSize]; while (true) { DatagramPacket incoming = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length); try { sock.receive(incoming); this.respond(incoming); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println(e); } } // end while } public abstract void respond(DatagramPacket request); } H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 21

22. UDPEchoServeur public class UDPEchoServeur extends UDPServeur { public final static int DEFAULT_PORT = 2222; public UDPEchoServeur() throws SocketException { super(DEFAULT_PORT); } public void respond(DatagramPacket packet) { try { byte[] data = new byte[packet.getLength()]; System.arraycopy(packet.getData(), 0, data, 0, packet.getLength()); try { String s = new String(data, "8859_1"); System.out.println(packet.getAddress() + " port " + packet.getPort() + " reçu " + s); } catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException ex) {} DatagramPacket outgoing = new DatagramPacket(packet.getData(), packet.getLength(), packet.getAddress(), packet.getPort()); sock.send(outgoing); } catch (IOException ex) { System.err.println(ex); } H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 22

23. Client: UDPEchoClient public class UDPEchoClient { public static void lancer(String hostname, int port) { try { InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getByName(hostname); SenderThread sender = new SenderThread(ia, port); sender.start(); Thread receiver = new ReceiverThread(sender.getSocket()); receiver.start(); } catch (UnknownHostException ex) { System.err.println(ex); } catch (SocketException ex) { System.err.println(ex); } } // end lancer } H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 23

24. ReceiverThread class ReceiverThread extends Thread { DatagramSocket socket; private boolean stopped = false; public ReceiverThread(DatagramSocket ds) throws SocketException { this.socket = ds; } public void halt() { this.stopped = true; } public DatagramSocket getSocket(){ return socket; } public void run() { byte[] buffer = new byte[65507]; while (true) { if (stopped) return; DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length); try { socket.receive(dp); String s = new String(dp.getData(), 0, dp.getLength()); System.out.println(s); Thread.yield(); } catch (IOException ex) {System.err.println(ex); } } H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 24

25. SenderThread public class SenderThread extends Thread { private InetAddress server; private DatagramSocket socket; private boolean stopped = false; private int port; public SenderThread(InetAddress address, int port) throws SocketException { this.server = address; this.port = port; this.socket = new DatagramSocket(); this.socket.connect(server, port); } public void halt() { this.stopped = true; } //… H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 25

26. SenderThread //… public DatagramSocket getSocket() { return this.socket; } public void run() { try { BufferedReader userInput = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); while (true) { if (stopped) return; String theLine = userInput.readLine(); if (theLine.equals(".")) break; byte[] data = theLine.getBytes(); DatagramPacket output = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, server, port); socket.send(output); Thread.yield(); } } // end try catch (IOException ex) {System.err.println(ex); } } // end run } H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 26

27. Autres méthodes public void close( ) public int getLocalPort( ) public InetAddress getLocalAddress( ) public SocketAddress getLocalSocketAddress( ) public void connect(InetAddress host, int port) public void disconnect( ) public int getPort( ) public InetAddress getInetAddress( ) public InetAddress getRemoteSocketAddress( ) H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 27

28. Options SO_TIMEOUT public synchronized void setSoTimeout(int timeout) throws SocketException public synchronized int getSoTimeout( ) throws IOException SO_RCVBUF public void setReceiveBufferSize(int size) throws SocketException public int getReceiveBufferSize( ) throws SocketException SO_SNDBUF public void setSendBufferSize(int size) throws SocketException int getSendBufferSize( ) throws SocketException SO_REUSEADDR (plusieurs sockets sur la même adresse) public void setReuseAddress(boolean on) throws SocketException boolean getReuseAddress( ) throws SocketException SO_BROADCAST public void setBroadcast(boolean on) throws SocketException public boolean getBroadcast( ) throws SocketException H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 28

29. Multicast 29 H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java

30. 4-30 R1 R2 R3R4 source duplication R1 R2 R3R4 in-network duplication duplicate creation/transmission duplicate Broadcast Routing Deliver packets from srce to all other nodes Source duplication is inefficient: r Source duplication: how does source determine recipient addresses H. Fauconnier

31. M2-Internet Java 4-31 In-network duplication Flooding: when node receives brdcst pckt, sends copy to all neighbors Problems: cycles & broadcast storm Controlled flooding: node only brdcsts pkt if it hasnt brdcst same packet before Node keeps track of pckt ids already brdcsted Or reverse path forwarding (RPF): only forward pckt if it arrived on shortest path between node and source Spanning tree No redundant packets received by any node H. Fauconnier

32. M2-Internet Java 4-32 A B G D E c F A B G D E c F (a) Broadcast initiated at A (b) Broadcast initiated at D Spanning Tree First construct a spanning tree Nodes forward copies only along spanning tree H. Fauconnier

33. M2-Internet Java 4-33 A B G D E c F 1 2 3 4 5 (a)Stepwise construction of spanning tree A B G D E c F (b) Constructed spanning tree Spanning Tree: Creation Center node Each node sends unicast join message to center node Message forwarded until it arrives at a node already belonging to spanning tree H. Fauconnier

34. Multicast Groupe: adresse IP de classe D Un hôte peut joindre un groupe Protocole pour établir les groupes (IGMP) Protocole et algorithme pour le routage M2-Internet Java 4-34 H. Fauconnier

35. IGMP IGMP (internet Group Management Protocol Entre un hôte et son routeur (multicast) Membership_query: du routeur vers tous les hôtes pour déterminer quels hôtes appartiennent à quels groupe Membership_report: des hôtes vers le routeur Membership_leave: pour quitter un groupe (optionnel) M2-Internet Java 4-35 H. Fauconnier

36. Multicast Routing: Problem Statement Goal: find a tree (or trees) connecting routers having local mcast group members tree: not all paths between routers used source-based: different tree from each sender to rcvrs shared-tree: same tree used by all group members Shared tree Source-based trees H. Fauconnier 1-36 M2-Internet Java

37. Approaches for building mcast trees Approaches: source-based tree: one tree per source shortest path trees reverse path forwarding group-shared tree: group uses one tree minimal spanning (Steiner) center-based trees …we first look at basic approaches, then specific protocols adopting these approaches H. Fauconnier 1-37 M2-Internet Java

38. Shortest Path Tree mcast forwarding tree: tree of shortest path routes from source to all receivers Dijkstras algorithm R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 2 1 6 3 4 5 i router with attached group member router with no attached group member link used for forwarding, i indicates order link added by algorithm LEGEND S: source H. Fauconnier 1-38 M2-Internet Java

39. Reverse Path Forwarding if (mcast datagram received on incoming link on shortest path back to center) then flood datagram onto all outgoing links else ignore datagram rely on routers knowledge of unicast shortest path from it to sender each router has simple forwarding behavior: H. Fauconnier 1-39 M2-Internet Java

40. Reverse Path Forwarding: example result is a source-specific reverse SPT –may be a bad choice with asymmetric links R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 router with attached group member router with no attached group member datagram will be forwarded LEGEND S: source datagram will not be forwarded H. Fauconnier 1-40 M2-Internet Java

41. Reverse Path Forwarding: pruning forwarding tree contains subtrees with no mcast group members no need to forward datagrams down subtree prune msgs sent upstream by router with no downstream group members R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 router with attached group member router with no attached group member prune message LEGEND S: source links with multicast forwarding P P P H. Fauconnier 1-41 M2-Internet Java

42. Shared-Tree: Steiner Tree Steiner Tree: minimum cost tree connecting all routers with attached group members problem is NP-complete excellent heuristics exists not used in practice: computational complexity information about entire network needed monolithic: rerun whenever a router needs to join/leave H. Fauconnier 1-42 M2-Internet Java

43. Center-based trees single delivery tree shared by all one router identified as center of tree to join: edge router sends unicast join-msg addressed to center router join-msg processed by intermediate routers and forwarded towards center join-msg either hits existing tree branch for this center, or arrives at center path taken by join-msg becomes new branch of tree for this router H. Fauconnier 1-43 M2-Internet Java

44. Center-based trees: an example Suppose R6 chosen as center: R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 router with attached group member router with no attached group member path order in which join messages generated LEGEND 2 1 3 1 H. Fauconnier 1-44 M2-Internet Java

45. Internet Multicasting Routing: DVMRP DVMRP: distance vector multicast routing protocol, RFC1075 flood and prune: reverse path forwarding, source-based tree RPF tree based on DVMRPs own routing tables constructed by communicating DVMRP routers no assumptions about underlying unicast initial datagram to mcast group flooded everywhere via RPF routers not wanting group: send upstream prune msgs H. Fauconnier 1-45 M2-Internet Java

46. DVMRP: continued… soft state: DVMRP router periodically (1 min.) forgets branches are pruned: mcast data again flows down unpruned branch downstream router: reprune or else continue to receive data routers can quickly regraft to tree following IGMP join at leaf odds and ends commonly implemented in commercial routers Mbone routing done using DVMRP H. Fauconnier 1-46 M2-Internet Java

47. Tunneling Q: How to connect islands of multicast routers in a sea of unicast routers? mcast datagram encapsulated inside normal (non-multicast- addressed) datagram normal IP datagram sent thru tunnel via regular IP unicast to receiving mcast router receiving mcast router unencapsulates to get mcast datagram physical topology logical topology H. Fauconnier 1-47 M2-Internet Java

48. PIM: Protocol Independent Multicast not dependent on any specific underlying unicast routing algorithm (works with all) two different multicast distribution scenarios : Dense: group members densely packed, in close proximity. bandwidth more plentiful Sparse: # networks with group members small wrt # interconnected networks group members widely dispersed bandwidth not plentiful H. Fauconnier 1-48 M2-Internet Java

49. Consequences of Sparse-Dense Dichotomy: Dense group membership by routers assumed until routers explicitly prune data-driven construction on mcast tree (e.g., RPF) bandwidth and non- group-router processing profligate Sparse : no membership until routers explicitly join receiver- driven construction of mcast tree (e.g., center-based) bandwidth and non-group- router processing conservative H. Fauconnier 1-49 M2-Internet Java

50. PIM- Dense Mode flood-and-prune RPF, similar to DVMRP but underlying unicast protocol provides RPF info for incoming datagram less complicated (less efficient) downstream flood than DVMRP reduces reliance on underlying routing algorithm has protocol mechanism for router to detect it is a leaf-node router H. Fauconnier 1-50 M2-Internet Java

51. PIM - Sparse Mode center-based approach router sends join msg to rendezvous point (RP) intermediate routers update state and forward join after joining via RP, router can switch to source-specific tree increased performance: less concentration, shorter paths R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 join all data multicast from rendezvous point rendezvous point H. Fauconnier 1-51 M2-Internet Java

52. PIM - Sparse Mode sender(s): unicast data to RP, which distributes down RP-rooted tree RP can extend mcast tree upstream to source RP can send stop msg if no attached receivers no one is listening! R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 join all data multicast from rendezvous point rendezvous point H. Fauconnier 1-52 M2-Internet Java

53. Multicast Géré par les routeurs Pas de garantie… Importance du ttl (Évaluation) –Local:0 –Sous-réseau local:1 –Pays:48 –Continent:64 –Le monde:255 M2-Internet Java 4-53 H. Fauconnier

54. Multicast Un groupe est identifié par une adresse IP (classe D) entre 224.0.0.0 et 239.255.255.255 Une adresse multicast peut avoir un nom Exemple ntp.mcast.net 224.0.1.1 M2-Internet Java 4-54 H. Fauconnier

55. Sockets multicast Extension de DatagramSocket public class MulticastSocket extends DatagramSocket Principe: Créer une MulticastSocket Rejoindre un group: joinGroup() Créer DatagramPacket –Receive() leaveGroup() Close() H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 55

56. Création try { MulticastSocket ms = new MulticastSocket( ); // send datagrams... }catch (SocketException se){System.err.println(se);} ------- try { SocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress("192.168.254.32", 4000); MulticastSocket ms = new MulticastSocket(address); // receive datagrams... }catch (SocketException ex) {System.err.println(ex);} H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 56

57. Création try { MulticastSocket ms = new MulticastSocket(null); ms.setReuseAddress(false); SocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress(4000); ms.bind(address); // receive datagrams... }catch (SocketException ex) { System.err.println(ex);} H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 57

58. Rejoindre… try { MulticastSocket ms = new MulticastSocket(4000); InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getByName("224.2.2.2"); ms.joinGroup(ia); byte[] buffer = new byte[8192]; while (true) { DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length); ms.receive(dp); String s = new String(dp.getData( ), "8859_1"); System.out.println(s); } }catch (IOException ex) { System.err.println(ex);} H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 58

59. send try { InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getByName("experiment.mcast.net "); byte[] data = "un packet…\r\n".getBytes( ); int port = 4000; DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, ia, port); MulticastSocket ms = new MulticastSocket( ); ms.send(dp,64); }catch (IOException ex) {System.err.println(ex);} H. Fauconnier M2-Internet Java 59