1. What do you know about Rome?

3. Beginnings of Rome The Legend- founded by twins Romulus and Remus.
Sons of the god Mars and a virgin princess, were to be killed at birth but left by the Tiber River.
Cared for by a she-wolf until found by a shepherd.
Romulus killed Remus in an argument
city built on the 7 hills where they grazed their sheep.

4. The Truth
Central location Fertile land
Tiber River Near the coast

5. Early Settlers to Rome Latins- farmers and shepherds, language
Greeks- religion, architecture and culture
Etruscans- art, metalwork
Early Rome had a monarchy.
Etruscan King Targuin overthrown
Romans swore never to have another king.

6. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC “Republic”- Latin for “public affairs”.
Leaders elected to represent the people
Only free male citizens voted.
2 main classes
1- Patricians- rich, upper class, most power
2- Plebeians- middle & lower classes, Could not be in the Senate.

7. Roman Government *The Senate- the rich, member for life, 300 total
*The Consuls- elected by Senate, 1 ran the military and 1 ran the govt.
*The Assemblies- middle & lower classes no power
*Dictators- elected by the Senate in times of crisis

8. Twelve Tables
First Roman law- to protect citizens’ rights, especially Plebeians (marriage law, criminal law, business law)
Laws posted in the Forum

9. The Roman Army “The Legion”
Always stood at least 5,000 strong infantry and cavalry.
Multiple Legions
All Roman men required to serve
great fighters, armed with the best equipment

12. ROMAN EXPANSION The Legion conquered Italy then went to other regions
conquered people kept their customs
could b/cm a Roman citizen

13. The Punic Wars
Carthage – Built by Phoenicians. Rome wanted it to control the Med. Sea
First Punic War- Rome took Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
Second Punic War- Hannibal led mercenaries w/ war elephants, attacked Rome over the Alps. Hannibal won many battles. Rome attacked Carthage. Hannibal called home but too late.
Third Punic War- Rome destroyed Carthage, took North Africa.

16. THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR
Caesar rose to power through the military in Gaul
First Triumvirate w/ Pompey and Crassus
Civil War- Caesar defeated Pompey and Crassus
Caesar b/cm dictator, gave money & land to the poor.
Adopted Julian calendar

17. Death of Caesar Stabbed to death by the Senate on March 15, 44 BC
Brutus

18. The Julius Caesar Knife Block

19. Civil War After the death of Caesar
Octavian
After the death of Caesar
Octavian & Marc Antony (2 of Caesar’s generals) fought over Rome (13 years)
Octavian defeats Antony becomes the new dictator.
Cleopatra

20. Death of Cleopatra

22. CHRISTIANITY Life of Jesus- b. Bethlehem Jewish carpenter
Began preaching at 30
*Followers- apostles/disciples.
*The Messiah
Death on the Cross
*Jews and Romans feared Jesus
Pontius Pilate arrested Jesus & crucified. Jesus tortured, carried his cross thru the city, nailed to the cross, sealed in a tomb - 3 days later his body disappeared

23. PAX ROMANA- ROMAN PEACE 27 BC- 180 AD
Octavian calls himself “Augustus”- “Exalted One” - Rome’s first emperor
Created civil service system - mail, census, tax collectors.
Created jobs building roads, temples, farming- jobs to poor.
Roman Agriculture- most important industry, 90% of pop.
The empire expanded- 10,000 miles

26. BAD EMPERORS
Caligula (ruled AD) ruled at 24, mentally unstable, tortured / killed 1,000s, incest w/ sisters, threatened to appoint his horse counsel, assassinated by his own men
Nero (54-68 AD)- burned Rome (burned poor areas) blamed fires on Christians, executed Christians, thought he was an artist/musician (not very good), committed suicide.
Domitian (81-96 AD)- very paranoid about being assassinated, executed thousands - assassinated.

27. What was the purpose of the
Gladiator Games?

28. Roman Sport- The Gladiators
Gladiators were criminals or slaves who were forced to fight wild animals and each other
Winners b/cm heroes and celebrities, but still slaves
Battles were to the death

29. Inside the Colosseum

30. Circus Maximus Chariot Races

32. DISASTER STRIKES
79 AD - Mt. Vesuvius erupted, buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic ash and lava.
Poison gas killed most of the people.
The ash hardened and preserved a look at the Roman life.

33. THE GOOD EMPERORS TRAJAN- b. Spain- 1st non-Italian
*helped the poor esp. children
*Forum of Trajan- largest baths
*military victories- territory all the way to China.
HADRIAN- cousin of Trajan
*empire too big, gave land back to locals
*built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain empire’s northern border
*mostly toured the empire
*b/cm sick & died after the death of his lover in Egypt.

34. Forum of Trajan

35. Roman Bath

36. ROMAN ACHIEVEMENT GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION
combo Greek & Roman cultures
Roman Art- realism, frescoes & mosaics
Roman Architecture- perfected the column and developed the arch
CONCRETE!
1st domed building- the Pantheon- still standing

37. Mosaics

38. Roman Fresco

39. Roman Architecture

40. Colosseum

41. Colosseum

42. Colosseum Model

43. Colosseum Roof

44. Pantheon

45. Roman Roads
Moved the army, people and goods

46. Road Construction

47. ROMAN DECLINE political / economic problems (depression)
Bad Emperors- overthrown or assassinated - 26 different emperors in 50 years
high taxes to support govt. & the army
farmland overused, b/cm unproductive
farmers became slaves to rich landowners

48. People pay taxes over time Divided empire- East & West
LAST CHANCE- SAVE THE EMPIRE
Diocletian
A “price freeze” edict
People pay taxes over time
Divided empire- East & West
*EAST- Greek lang. Diocletian ruled
*WEST - Latin speaking, most of Europe, Maximian ruled

49. Constantine ( AD)
Adopted Christianity, now the official religion of Rome
Moved the capital to Byzantine (Turkey)
Named it Constantinople

50. Invasion of the Empire Rome attacked by Barbarians (anyone not Roman)
Visigoths- attacked Rome- in 408 AD
Vandals- sacked Rome in 455 AD
Saxons- British Isles
Franks- central Europe
Ostrogoths- eastern Europe

51. Attacks from Asia The Huns Led by Attila 100,000 strong
Plundered 70 Roman cities
Never captured Rome.
Rome pop. went from 1 million to 20,000

53. Byzantine Empire
Emperor Justinian- conquered N. Africa, Italy and Spain- b/cm the new Caesar
*Justinian Code- 5,000 Roman laws, lasted 900 years, opinions on laws, textbook on laws and new laws
*Empress Theodora – may have been actually running the show

54. Byzantine Empire

55. Constantinople

56. Hagia Sophia

57. Byzantine Empire
Constantinople- center of trade- products afar (tin from England, silk from China)
Hagia Sophia- church built by Justinian
Hippodrome- chariot races
The Plague- killed thousands
Attacks- destroy empire