1. Chapter 5 Discrimination
Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations 5th Edition
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2. Learning Objectives
To develop an understanding of discrimination.
To examine the complex relationship between prejudice and discrimination.
To explore and better understand all the facets of the affirmative action controversy.

3. Society Based Theory on Prejudice and Discrimination
SUBJECTIVE UNDERSTANDINGS
BEHAVIOR
PATTERNS
SOCIALIZATION
Social groups
Institutions
Cultural norms
Ethnocentrism
Prejudice
Overt discrimination
(Bigot)
Source: Anthony Giddens, Sociology (2006), fifth edition.

4. Discrimination Discrimination
From the Latin discriminatus, which literally means “to divide or distinguish”.
The unequal treatment of subordinate groups inherent in the ongoing operations of society’s institutions.
Examples: sentencing inequalities, religious bigotry, segregated housing.

5. Social and Institutional Discrimination
Dejure Segregation
Once widespread throughout the South, children were specifically assigned to schools in order to maintain racial separation. Segregationist laws kept all public facilities racially separated as well.
Defacto Segregation
Residential patterns leading to racial separation as embodied in certain customs and institutions. Building and maintaining schools in racially segregated communities thus preserved segregated schools.

6. Relationships Between Prejudice and DiscriminationNO
YES
Prejudiced
All Weather Liberal
Fair Weather Liberal
Timid Bigot
Active Bigot

7. Relationships Between Prejudice and Discrimination
Nonprejudiced Nondiscriminator
Are neither prejudiced nor practicers of discrimination. Oftentimes virtues of omission rather than commission.
Nonprejudiced Discriminator
Expedience byword for this category of individuals. Actions oftentimes conflict with personal beliefs. For example, will join clubs that exclude persons belonging to outgroups. Sometimes referred to as “fairweather liberals.”

8. Relationships Between Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudiced Nondiscriminator
Timid bigots, these individuals subscribe to many racial or gender-based stereotypes. In spite of hostility felt towards certain groups, keep silent. Conform because they must.
Prejudiced Discriminator
Active bigots. Openly express prejudicial attitudes, as well as and practice discrimination.

9. Levels of Discrimination
Extermination
Physical Abuse
Exclusion
Avoidance
Verbal Expression

10. Levels of Discrimination
Extermination: Most extreme level. Includes genocide, massacres, and progroms against people.
Avoidance: Seek to leave problems behind by migrating or turning inward to group for social and economic activities.
Deviance: Occurs in societies where laws impose moral standards on behavior of other groups.
Defiance: Openly challenging dominant group’s discriminatory behavior as subordinate gains in cohesion, as well as in economic and political power.
Acceptance: Accede to situation through subtle rationalizations, personal or economic security, and/or false consciousness.

11. Social and Institutional Discrimination
Social Discrimination
The creation of “social distance” between groups.
Institutional Discrimination
The unequal treatment of subordinate groups inherent in the ongoing operations of society’s institutions.
Examples: sentencing inequalities, religious bigotry, segregated housing.

12. The Affirmative Action Controversy
Plato: In Republic wrote justice must relative to needs of those who are served, not to the desires of those who serve them. Physicians must make health of patients their primary concern of they are going to be just.
Rawls: In Theory of Justice, latter interpreted as fairness which maximizes equal liberty for all.

13. Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action: At the national level, such programs came into prominence with the implementation of EO in The federal government mandated active measures at both the private and the public levels. As initially designed, affirmative action was designed to educate/employ/advance women and minorities over white males all else being equal. As time went on however, affirmative action guidelines increasingly took on the form of quotas that in time generated a public backlash.

14. The Affirmative Action Controversy
Affirmative Action Controversy: Quest for equality in U.S. oftentimes curtails liberty of others. Debate between individual choice and “greater good.” Most Americans indicate in surveys and opinions polls that they believe in “fair shakes” rather than in “equal shares.”

15. The Affirmative Action Controversy
The origin of government affirmative action policy began with Executive Order 8802 in 1941
Since 1989, a more conservative Supreme Court has show a growing reluctance to use “race-conscious remedies”.
In 2002 the Supreme Court preserved affirmative action in university admissions at the University of Michigan’s law school, while striking down that university’s undergraduate admissions program that used a point system based in part on race.

16. Affirmative Action Controversy
Reverse Discrimination: A term used to refer to the exclusion of a member of a majority class not commonly discriminated against, to compensate for the traditional discrimination against a minority member. It has been contended that such treatment, broadly known as affirmative action, is in violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, as well as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of

17. Regents of University of California v.s. Bakke
In a 5-4 ruling on a quota-based affirmative action program for UC Davis Medical School admissions, Allan Bakke, a white male, was refused admission because his grades and test scores were not high enough for the 84 regular admissions slots. At the same time, Bakke’s score was higher than those for the 16 minority students given slots. The Supreme Court ruled that while Bakke should have been admitted, race could be taken into consideration for university admissions decisions.

18. Proposition 209 (The Civil Rights Initiative)
Passed by California voters in 1996, Proposition 209 required the state of California not to use sex, race, color, ethnicity, or national origin in decisions of public employment, education, or contracting.

19. Racial Profiling
Refers to action taken by law enforcement officials on the presumption that individuals of one race or ethnicity are more likely to engage in illegal activity then individuals of other races or ethnicities.

20. Racial Profiling
In 2003, U.S. Department of Justice argued that racial profiling is immoral and perpetuates negative racial stereotypes “harmful to our diverse democracy”…. materially impair our efforts to maintain a fair and just society.” One allowable exception—national security considerations (i.e. 9/11).