1. Single fold vs. Multi-fold CMP seismic profiling
Geology 493M 3D Seismic Workshop
Single fold vs. Multi-fold CMP seismic profiling
tom.h.wilson
Department of Geology and Geography
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV

2. source receiver layouts used to acquire common midpoint data.
Shooting Geometries
source receiver layouts used to acquire common midpoint data.
Very often these layouts are asymmetrical

4. We now have a nice geologic looking seismic section.
Here’s an example of such a data set; the shot locations are obvious aren’t they.
We now have a nice geologic looking seismic section.
Can you spot the inversion structure?
This data set is referred to as being single fold - that is there is only one record per reflection point.

5. The preceding process works well for horizontal or gently dipping strata, but when layers dip, the t-x relationship is asymmetrical and the NMO correction more difficult to make.
Pull out a sheet of paper and ….

6. Common Midpoint Data
Reflections share the same midpoint and in this case (horizontal reflector) they also share a common reflection point or depth point
We have multiple records from the same reflection point. These data are 3 fold.

7. Three traces in this case (a three fold data set) get summed together to yield one stack trace.+ + =
The Stack Trace

8. What will this CMP reflection event look like in the t-x plot?

9. Even when the layer is dipping, the apex of a reflection hyperbola in the CMP gather (below) is located at x = 0 or at the common midpoint location between all the sources and receivers.

10. The seismic data you see most often will be of this type
The seismic data you see most often will be of this type. The individual traces shown in most seismic displays will appear to have been collected with coincident source and receiver and, in this format, all the ray paths recorded on the receiver are normal incident on reflection surfaces.

11. Why go to all the trouble of collecting duplicate data?

12. A fairly noisy shot record from an area in central West Virginia.
Greenbrier Ls.
Onondaga/Oriskany
Trenton
Acoustic Basement ?

13. Stack Data
High signal-to-
noise ratio

14. Common midpoint sorting looks easy on paper

15. In reality (in West Virginia) straight roads are hard to find.

16. Bring the traces inside the circle together for stacking.
Along crooked survey lines, the common midpoint gather includes all records whose midpoints fall within a certain radius of some point

17. CMP stack traces
Noisy single-fold data

18. Normal incident coincident source-receiver records

19. Some inherent difficulties

20. The resulting stack trace

21. This data format can lead to some very unusual features in a seismic section.
Consider, for example, a survey across a syncline. Consider the distribution of normal incidence ray-paths.

22. Consider what happens across the axis of the syncline and the relation of recording points to reflection points.

23. The record of reflection travel time to the various points in the subsurface contains dramatic image distortions - instead of a syncline we have an anticline

24. If you think this is only a theoretical construct - think again
Pity the poor souls that keeping drilling these “anticlines!”

25. Which structure has the greater reserves?

28. How will the reflections from an isolated point reflector appear in the stack (normal incidence) section.
Point reflector

30. Two-D seismic interpretation exercise - You’ll be working with a 3D data base from the Gulf Coast area. So the structures you’ll see will be down-to-basin faults accommodating gravity slide of large portions of the sedimentary section downhill.

32. Assignment
Continue your interpretation of the 4 seismic lines from the 3D survey area. For our next class:
1) mark travel time values to the reflector along each line shown on the basemap. Do this often enough to define the major faults and general structure of the 1.3 second horizon
2) contour the travel time data
3) bring your results to class for discussion on Tuesday.