1. Number/location of flagella are distinguishing characters
1. One flagella = monotrichous
2. Cluster at one end = lophotrichous
3. both ends = amphitrichous
4. Covering the cell = peritrichous

2. Glycocalyx Capsule Slime layer Protects bacteria from immune cells
Enable attachment and aggregation of bacterial cells

3. Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime layer
Not on all bacterial cells but if present it’s the outermost layer.
Capsule – tends to be thick, rigid and smooth.
Slime layer – is thinner & less rigid, globular
*Extra layer guards against desiccation
*Protects the cell from phagocytosis
(S. pneumoniae)
*Can be used as attachment such
as in tooth decay bacteria (S. mutans)

4. Figure 3.5 Glycocalyces-overview
Glycocalyx (capsule)
Glycocalyx (slime layer)

5. The slime layer is associated with the formation of biofilms, which are typically found on teeth.
Fig Biofilm

7. During nutrient depleted conditions, some bacteria (vegetative cell) form into an endospore in order to survive.
Fig Microscopic picture of an endospore formation

8. Survival Structures A. Endospores (sporogenesis)
1. Made when the environment goes “bad”
2. Endospore contains all the important parts of the cell.
3. Only made by certain bacteria
(Bacillus and Clostridium)
4. Not reproduction!! No increase in #’s
5. Autoclaving is the only way to destroy
spores. 121 Celsius/15-20lbs.
per square inch/15-20 min.

9. Clostridium tetani

10. Cell shapes Coccus Rod or bacillus Curved or spiral Cell arrangements
Cell size

11. Cell arrangements Single – cells found by themselves.
Diplo - cells in pairs. Diplococcus, Diplobacillus
Strepto – cells in chains. Streptococcus,
Streptobacillus
Staphylo – cells in grape like clusters.
Staphylococcus