1. The
Industrial
Revolution

2. Roots of the Industrial Revolution
The Renaissance spirit (seeking material goods)
The scientific approach in solving problems (Scientific Revolution)
The Commercial Revolution
The putting-out (domestic system)

3. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

4. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

5. The Enclosure Movement

6. “Enclosed” Lands Today

7. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

8. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

9. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

10. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

11. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

12. Young Coal Miners

13. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

14. British Pig Iron Production

15. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

16. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

17. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

18. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

19. Textile Factory Workers in England

20. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

21. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

22. Jacquard’s Loom

23. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

24. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

25. The Power Loom

26. James Watt’s Steam Engine

27. Steam Tractor

28. Steam Ship

29. An Early Steam Locomotive

30. Later Locomotives

31. The Impact of the Railroad

32. “The Great Land Serpent”

33. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

34. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

35. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

36. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

37. The Industrial Revolution on the Continent of Europe -Reasons for slowness - Transportation - Taxation - Raw materials and markets - Investments

38. Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
Napoleonic Code.
French communal law.
Free contracts
Open markets
Uniform & clear commercial regulations
Standards weights & measures.
Established technical schools.
The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions.
Bank of France  European model providing a reliable currency.

39. French Economic Disadvantages
Years of war
Supported the American Revolution.
French Revolution.
Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars
Heavy debts.
High unemployment  soldiers returning from the battlefronts.
French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

40. The Immediate Consequences
Increased use of Cotton
Child Labor
Foreign Trade
Population Increase

41. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

42. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

43. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

44. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

45. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

46. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

47. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

48. Industrial Staffordshire

49. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman

50. The New Industrial City

51. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

52. Worker Housing in Manchester

53. Factory Workers at Home

54. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

55. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

56. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

57. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

58. Problems in Factories Long hours Poor ventilation Rigid Schedule
Poor lightening

59. Protests / Reformers

60. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

61. The Luddite Triangle

62. The Luddites

63. Peterloo Massacre, 1819
British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!

64. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

65. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

66. The Chartists A female Chartist
A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

67. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment.
Lower the price of bread.
Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.
Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.
Promote international peace through trade contact.

68. City life Crowded Filled with disease Temperance Movement
Husbands could beat wife

69. New Ways of
Thinking

70. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

71. Herbert Spencer
During the 1850s, Herbert Spencer borrowed from Charles Darwin's ideas on evolution and tried to apply them to human society
His ideas quickly gained acceptance among the new middle class
Social Darwinism
Poverty, the middle class believed, was clearly the result of vice; you are poor because of some character flaw
If that was so, no government reform program was possible or desirable, since the government could not legislate morality

72. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

73. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

74. Jeremy Bentham

75. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

76. Br. Govt. Response
to the Dislocation
Created by
Industrialization

77. The Factory Act of 1833
Labor Unions
Child Labor Laws

78. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

79. British Reform Bill of 1832

80. British Reform Bills

81. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

82. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

83. Industrialization By 1850

84. Railroads on the Continent

85. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

86. Economic Results Factory System Higher standard of living
Economic Competition among nations: protective tariffs
Labor problems
New economic theories: Adam Smith, Malthus, etc)
National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes: Bank of England& Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
Introduction of modern, laissez-faire capitalism
Private ownership of property
Free enterprise
Profit motive
Competition
Market economy: law of supply and demand

87. Political Results State ownership of some industries.
RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.
New legislation to:
Establish limited liability.
Create rules for the formation of corporations.
Postal system.
Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein
Rise of the Middle and working classes as new political groups
Aid to nationalism
Impetus to Imperialism

88. Social Results
A more socially dynamic society (with new levels of social classes
Increase in population
Growth of cities and the problems resulting from this (Poverty, crime, sanitation, pollution, overcrowding)
Improved status of women
New family patterns
More leisure time
Impetus to universal education
Humanitarian and social reform movements increase to meet the problems created by Industrialization

89. Bibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College.
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”