1. Chemical Formulas: The grammar of Chemistry
Elements form two major types of bonds:
Ionic
Covalent
The type of bonding determines the way compounds are named.
In addition, there are some special names for compounds which are organic or acids.
In this chapter, we will learn how to identify the correct system to name compounds, and learn how the names of compounds help us learn about the properties of substances and their composition.

2. Names are very revealing: you can make some assumptions about people just by knowing their name!
Lets take the name:
Jose Garcia – describe some of the traits of this person.
Rover
Jose is a name for a male person.
The last name indicates that Jose is a person, not an animal.
He probably is Latino. …
Rover is a name for a male animal.
Probably, Rover likes to wander.
He probably is a dog, because Rover is a common name for a dog. …

3. Names of Elements Many elements are in honor of scientists.
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Cesium
Carbon,
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Many elements are in honor of scientists.
Many elements honor the historical usage or discovery of the element.
Some elements are named systematically (typically man-made elements.
Many elements have the endings, -ium, -ine, –ogen or -on
As a general rule, -ium endings are on metals, -ine, -ogen, and -on endings are on nonmetals,

4. Symbols of Elements
Most symbols start with the same letter as the name of the element.
Some symbols reflect the history of the element.
There are 26 letters in the alphabet and over 111 elements.
When two or more letters are used, the first is capitalized and the following letters are NEVER capitalized.
Lithium = Li
Carbon = C
Cesium = Cs
Sodium = Na
Potassium = K
Iron = Fe
natrium = Latin
ferrum = Latin

5. Find the symbols for the following elements.
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Chlorine
Fluorine
Hydrogen
Iodine
Lead
Lithium
Mercury Al Ba Br Cl F H I Pb Li Hg

6. Find the Names for the following elements.
end day 1 Ne O Ni P K Na Cl S Sn Hg
neon
oxygen
nickel
phosphorous
potassium
sodium
chlorine
sulfur
tin
mercury
4th period ended here.

7. How do ions form? Ions form when elements gain or lose electrons.
How many electrons are gained or lost depends on the electron configuration. O
10 e- O
8e-
+2 electrons
Oxide has a 2- charge.
Oxide is an anion
Oxygen has no charge.

8. How do atoms stick together?
Cation =
positively
charged ion
Anion =
negatively
Ionic Bonds:
A +Cation+ attracts an –anion-
Covalent bonds:
Two or more elements share electrons tightly between them. - +
These are uncharged!

9. Oxidation number: the charge on an ion.1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 1- 2-
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 7 or 17
Group 6 or 16 H+
Be2+
Sc3+
Ti4+
F1-
O2-
Li+
Mg2+
Y3+
Cl1-
S2-
Na+
Ca2+
Al3+
Br1- K+
Sr2+
Cr3+
Pb4+
I1-
Rb+
Ba2+
Fe3+
Ag+
Fe2+
Cu+
Cu2+
Cation
Anion
Remember, (+) means
electrons were lost,
(-)means electrons were
gained.

10. What is a polyatomic ion?
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom which has gained or lost electrons, and therefore – carries a charge.
A polyatomic ion consists of more than one element covalently bonded together, which collectively carries a charge.
What is a polyatomic ion?

11. REVIEW What is an ionic bond? What is a covalent bond? Cation =
positively
charged ion
Anion =
negatively
What is an ionic bond?
What is a covalent bond?
an anion and a cation are held together by electrostatic
interactions - +
Two or more elements share electrons tightly between them.

12. Anatomy of a chemical formula
one oxide ion
2 sodium ions
Na2O

13. Anatomy of a chemical formula
one oxide ion
2 sets of ammonium ions
Total:
2 N
8 H
1 O
(NH4)2 O
One N in each ammonium ion.
Four H in each ammonium ion.

14. Names and Charges of a few Polyatomic Ions
C2H3O21-
Acetate
ClO31-
Chlorate
ClO21-
Chlorite
OH1-
Hydroxide
CO32-
Carbonate
NH4+
Ammonium

15. When positively charged ions bond with negatively charged ions, you get an ionic compound.
Notice that
the net charge
of the compound
is zero!
Sodium
and
Chloride
makes
Sodium Chloride
Cl-
Na+
Net Charge=
Sum of positive and negative charges
Ammonium
and
Chloride
makes
Ammonium Chloride
NH4+
Cl-

16. Since Al3+ has 3 positives,
you need three negatives to balance the charges. Each Cl1- has one negative, so you need three Cl1- ions.
Cl-
When positively charged ions bond with negatively charged ions, you get an ionic compound.
Al3+
Cl-
Notice that
the net charge
of the compound
is zero!
Aluminum
and
Chloride
makes
Aluminum Chloride
Cl-

17. When two ions bond, you get an ionic compound.
Aluminum
and
Carbonate
makes
aluminum carbonate
Al3+
CO32-
Al3+
Al2(CO3)3 has six (+) charges
and six (-) charges
Notice that
the net charge
of the compound
must be zero!
When two ions bond, you get an ionic compound.

18. When two ions bond, you get an ionic compound.
Notice that
the net charge
of the compound
is zero!
NH4+
NH4+
Ammonium
and
Carbonate
makes
Ammonium Carbonate
CO32-

19. When two ions bond, you get an ionic compound.
NH4+
Ammonium
and
Chlorate
makes
Ammonium Chlorate
ClO31-
Notice that
the net charge
of the compound
is zero!

20. Your turn: Use the following ions to make as many compounds as you can
Your turn: Use the following ions to make as many compounds as you can. You may use page 169 of your text book.
bromide
sulfide
hydroxide
nitride
phosphate
Br1-
S2-
(OH)1-
N3-
PO43-
potassium
magnesium
aluminum
ammonium K+
Mg2+
Al3+
NH41+
Br1-
KBr
MgBr2
AlBr3
NH 4Br
S2-
K 2S
MgS
Al2S3
(NH4)2S
(OH)1-
KOH
Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
NH4OH
N3-
K3N
Mg3N2
AlN
(NH4)3N