1. VIDEOS Galileo Scientific Revolution Copernicus
Scientific Revolution
Copernicus

2. The Enlightenment in Europe
Chapter 22, Section 2

4. The Scientific Revolution led to the……
ENLIGHTENMENT

5. THE ENLIGHTENMENT
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.
Government
Religion
Economics
Education

6. The Age of Reason
1. During the 1600 and 1700s People began to put great importance on reason and logical thought
People used reason to try and solve problems such as poverty and war
It was believed that the use of reason could achieve three great goals:
1. KNOWLEDGE
2. FREEDOM
3. HAPPINESS

7. Thomas Hobbes
All humans were naturally selfish and wicked, therefore governments must keep order.
SOCIAL CONTRACT: People give their rights away to a strong ruler in return for safety and order.
Strong ruler should have total power (an absolute monarchy).
This powerful government with awesome power is what he called a leviathan (sea monster) therefore he titled his book Leviathan (1651).

8. Does this sound familiar??
John Locke
Does this sound familiar??
People were reasonable (though still selfish!!)
People have the natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Purpose of government is to protect these natural rights.
Government power comes from the CONSENT of the people.

10. Philosophes “fill-uh-sofs”  French word for philosophers
Social Critics
Met in SALONS
Now??
Then:

14. THE PHILOSOPHE’S BELIEFS:
We should rely on:
1. Reason (truth can be discovered through logic)
2. Nature (nature = good = reasonable)
3. Happiness (we can be happy NOW)
4. Progress (society can and should improve)
5. Liberty (freedom for all)

15. Voltaire Freedom of speech
Used satire against his enemies, especially the clergy.
Wrote more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama.
Beliefs:
Tolerance
Reason
Freedom of religious belief
Freedom of speech

16. VOLTAIRE Probably the most brilliant of philosophes
He believed in the right of men to have their own ideas
He was jailed twice for his thoughts in France and on his final persecution, he was exiled to England
He used his pen as a weapon, writing about tolerance for religion, freedom of speech, reason and the right to freedom in general

17. SATIRE
 the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
SARCASM

18. SATIRE

20. Baron de Montesqieu
Believed Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day.
Proposed the “separation of powers” between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
Proposed “checks and balances.”

21. Montesqieu
His ideas about SEPARATION OF POWERS and CHECKS AND BALANCES became the basis for the 
United States Constitution

23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Passionately committed to individual freedom.
Believed man was born free and good but easily corrupted.
Believed the only good government was the “general will” or direct democracy.

26. BECCARIA

27. Mary Wollstonecraft Women should be equally educated along with men.
Women should enter professions traditionally dominated by men like medicine and politics.
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

28. Mary Shelley Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft.
Mistress and later wife of poet Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Author of Frankenstein in the summer of 1816
Later published in 1818.

29. THE LEGACY OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Challenged long held ideas about society and divine right!!
Shaped Western Civilization (U.S.A)
Scientific Revolution = SUCCESS!!

30. MORE SECULAR OUTLOOK! OPENLY question religious beliefs
Before  people accepted mysteries
Now  scientists explained mysteries with REASON, LOGIC, & MATH!!
Voltaire & others: ridiculed the Church!

31. IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL
People turned away from the church and royalty for guidance
THEY LOOKED TO THEMSELVES INSTEAD
THE GREATEST MINDS IN EUROPE ARE MEETING TO DISCUSS IDEAS!!
SOON WILL INFLUENCE KINGS & QUEENS!!

32. ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS 1. Th rights to life, liberty, and property
2. Reason can gain people fressdom
3. That government power should be separate and balanced
4. That trials should be fair.
5. That all men should have EQUAL RIGHTS

34. Major Ideas and Thinkers of the Enlightenment
Impact
Locke
Natural Rights – Life, Liberty, Property
Fundamental to the Declaration of Independence
Montesquieu
Separation of power
France, U.S., and Latin American nations use separation of powers in new constitutions
Voltaire
Freedom of thought and expression
Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs reduce or eliminate censorship
Beccaria
Abolishment of torture
Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights; torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe & the Americas
Religious freedom
Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs reduce persecution
Wollstonecraft
Women’s equality
Women’s rights groups in Europe & North America

37. Section 3 The Enlightenment Spreads

40. A World of Ideas During this time, Paris was the place to be!
Young people from all around the world came there to study, and enjoy the culture of learning
Salons were very important – intellectual discussions
She helped finance a project by Denis Diderot to make an Encyclopedia
This was composed of major writings and articles of every single subject!!

42. Diderot’s Encyclopedia

43. Diderot’s Encyclopedia

44. Diderot’s Encyclopedia

46. But surprise, surprise, guess who was mad??
CATHOLIC CHURCH and the French government.
Censors banned the work
Nevertheless, Diderot continued to have the work published
Salons all across Europe distributed the work and spread them through newspapers, pamphlets and even political songs
This led to the rise of a literate (able to read) Middle-Class

47. New Artistic Styles
Enlightenment ideas weren’t just in writing, they were also in music, literature, painting and architecture:
Baroque Art  European art during the 1600s and early 1700s which was characterized by a grand ornate design
Neoclassical Art A simple and elegant style of art that barrowed themes from classical Greek and Rome

48. Examples of Baroque Art

54. Enlightenment and Monarchy
Enlightened Despots-
“Absolute rulers”  embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment

56. Enlightenment and Monarchy
Frederick II-
a.k.a. Frederick the Great
King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 and wanted to reform Prussia
Enlightened Accomplishments:
1. Granted religious freedom
2. Reduced censorship
3. Improved education
4. Abolished torture

58. JOSEPH II Austria
 ruled Austria ( ) and allowed freedom of the press, religious freedom and no slavery
Most nobles, or rich people, resisted Joseph’s changes
Enlightened Accomplishments:
Introduced legal reform
Allowed freedom of press
Supported freedom of worship
Abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor

60. CATHERIN THE GREAT Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796
Read the works of the philosophes and corresponded with Voltaire
Enlightened Accomplishments:
1. Reviewed Russian laws
2. She wanted to reform Russia but did not want to lose complete control
3. She did not grant slaves freedoms and gave complete control of slaves to their masters