1. Biotechnology
Gene modification causes these mice to glow in the dark. Normally, the gene is found in jellyfish.

2. BIOETHICS SURVEY
1. I would use genetic engineering to remove a harmful gene from my unborn child, such as the gene that causes cystic fibrosis.
definitely not > absolutely
2. I would use genetic engineering to remove an abnormal (but not necessarily harmful) gene from my unborn child; such as the gene that causes dwarfism.
definitely not > absolutely

3. 3. I would use genetic engineering to remove a gene that is not desirable, such as the gene that causes baldness.
definitely not > absolutely
4. I would use genetic engineering to change a gene in my unborn child, such as their hair color or eye color.
5. I would use genetic engineering to add a gene to my child that is not human – such as a gene from another organism that could improve sight or running ability.

4. BIOTECHNOLOGY Recombinant DNA Technology / Transgenic
Gene Sequencing (Human Genome Project)
Gene Cloning / Cloning / Gene Therapy
Stem Cell Research
DNA Fingerprinting (and other Forensics applications)

5. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Also known as “transgenic”, “genetically modified”, or simply “GMO”, this is the process of identifying and removing a gene from one species and splicing that gene into a different species
Materials Needed:
Vector (plasmid)
Restriction Enzyme
DNA ligase

6. How to make a GMO
Identify the gene of interest, and cut it out of the original genome using restriction enzymes. These special proteins were discovered in bacteria. They serve as “guard dogs” by cutting foreign DNA into pieces. Since all DNA is the same, the enzymes recognize “foreign DNA” by only cutting at specific sequences not found in the bacterial DNA. By combing many species, we have found hundreds of these enzymes that allow us to cut DNA at various sequences. Convenient!

7. Some restriction enzymes cut in a zigzag pattern called a “sticky end”
Some restriction enzymes cut in a zigzag pattern called a “sticky end”. This is convenient because we can use the unpaired bases as a “glue” to stick DNA back together.

8. How to make a GMO
Once the needed gene is cut with sticky ends, the target gene is cut with the same sticky end enzyme. Now, a vector is used to move the DNA into the target. Vectors are either modified lysogenic viruses (used for prokaryotes or eukaryotes) or spliced into a plasmid (used for prokaryotes only). Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA that bacteria have evolved to “pick up” and use.

9. How to make a GMO
Finally, ligase is used reconnect the DNA back together. This is the same ligase that was used during replication!
Often, an easy to detect gene (such as the ability to glow in the dark) will be included with the desired gene to make sure the process worked quickly.

10. RECOMBINANT DNA and Pharming
RECOMBINANT DNA and Pharming *Can allow us to take a human gene and place it into bacteria. The bacteria can now produce necessary human proteins that will be sold as medications (hormones, clotting factor, insulin..etc…)

11. Human Genome Project
A team of scientists working over decades managed to sequence the entire human genome. This will help us to identify specific genes that may lead to health issues to better develop treatments and understand aging and development.

12. Cloning

13. How to Clone
Cloning is the process of creating an artificial identical twin. DNA from an adult organism is placed in an empty donor egg from the same species. The egg is then implanted or hatched normally in a surrogate mother. The resulting organism is a clone of the original DNA donor.

14. Why clone?
Financial gain: companies can clone pets and make a lot of money
Scientific gain: cloning teaches us a lot about the nature of DNA and how genes work
Medical gain: cloning individual cells or genes (not the whole organism) could be an effective treatment for disease such as cancer. Called gene therapy.
Agricultural gain: specimens can be engineered to perfection and then cloned with no risk of losing desired traits
Evolutionary History gain: extinct species can theoretically be cloned to make them easier to study

15. GENE THERAPY

16. Dolly’s Clone  Human Clone? Probably not. 

17. How to Clone a Sheep

18. Clone problems
In our cloning experiments, we have noticed a few clone problems. First of all, clones do not have the full lifespan of the original. They are more likely to develop age related conditions (arthritis, cancer, etc) at a younger age, most likely because of the shortening effect of DNA replication. Their DNA is “old” in essence, even though their bodies are not. Secondly, some gene control leads to surprising results in clones. An attempt to clone a calico cat named Rainbow resulted in a different fur pattern for the clone due to barr bodies formed by the original donor.

20. Stem Cell Research
A stem cell is an undetermined, undifferentiated cell. We will talk more about them later, but for now just know that it is a cell that can become any type of cell in the body. Using these cells in adults to replace damaged (e.g. cancerous or damaged G0) cells can lead to treatments for previously incurable diseases (cancer, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury)

21. Gene Copy Machine: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Many of these biotechnologies require a LOT of DNA to work. A simple way to increase the amount of DNA in a test tube is PCR. PCR creates millions of copies of a gene just by mixing the DNA with all the necessary replication enzymes (such as DNA polymerase). Also called Gene Amplification.

22. DNA “fingerprinting” with Gel Electrophoresis
Because every individual has their own unique combination of genes, a process called gel electrophoresis can help us create a banding pattern to identify specific DNA. No two people (except identical twins) will have the exact banding pattern, but relatives (or related species) will have similar banding patterns.
Used for crime scene identification, historical identification, paternity testing, and studying evolutionary relationships

23. Pg 274b

25. Figure 16.3

28. More uses of Biotech!

29. Figure 16.5a

30. Figure 16.5b

31. Spider Goat!
A goat that produces spider's web protein is about to revolutionize the materials industry. Stronger and more flexible than steel, spider silk offers a lightweight alternative to carbon fibre.
Up to now it has been impossible to produce "spider fibre" on a commercial scale. Unlike silk worms, spiders are too anti-social to farm successfully.
Now a Canadian company claims to be on the verge of producing unlimited quantities of spider silk - in goat's milk.
Using techniques similar to those used to produce Dolly the sheep, scientists at Nexia Biotechnologies in Quebec have bred goats with spider genes. (BBC)