1. Introduction to Oceanography (Marine Science) MS 101
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

2. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Expectations??????
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

3. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Contents
1- Multidisplinary Vs unidisciplinary?
2- Definition.
3- Why we study Oceanography?
4- World Ocean.
5-Ocean benefits/ uses.
6- Living resources Vs non living resources.
7- Extractive Vs non extractive resources.
8- History of Oceanography.
9-Trade voyage Vs Scientific Voyage.
10- Library of Alexandria.
11- Expeditions.
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

4. Is Oceanography a unidisciplinary or Multidisciplinary Science?
Activity #1
What do you think?
Is Oceanography a unidisciplinary or
Multidisciplinary Science?
هل علم علوم البحار احادى الاتجاه ام متعدد الاتجاهات؟
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

5. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Oceanography
Oceanography is a multidisciplinary Science, one in which scientists with many different specialties must work together.
For example, the life at the bottom (geology) of the ocean food chain (biology) depends upon nutrients (chemicals) which are often brought up to the surface of the ocean by waves and ocean currents (physics). We can study how the amount of life (biology) changed in the past by study their remains ”fossils” on the ocean floor (geology)……..
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

6. Why we study Oceanography ?
Earth is a water planet
Over 97% of the water on or near Earth’s surface is contained in the ocean
The ocean may be defined as the vast body of saline water that occupies the depressions of the Earth’s surface.
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

7. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Earth is the only planet with evidence of life and its water that creates this uniqueness.
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

8. How many Oceans Cover the Earth? Mention and enumerate
Activity #2
How many Oceans Cover the Earth?
Mention and enumerate
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

9. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
The World Ocean
Area
(106 km2)
Mean Depth
(km)
Volume
(106 km3)
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
165.2
82.4
73.4
4.282
3.926
3.963
707.6
323.6
291.0
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

10. What are the uses of Oceans ?
Humans began using the ocean long before there was a formal science of oceanography.
Oceans contain resources which are of great importance to the future of humanity
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

11. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
The resources of the oceans are:
Living Non-Living
Biological Physical
Non-extractive
Extractive
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

12. Classes of Marine Resources
Physical resources:
Mineral deposits, petroleum, natural gas, freshwater
Biological resources:
Plants and animals, microbes
Marine energy resources:
Energy from heat or motion of water
Non-extractive resources:
Transportation, recreation, waste disposal

13. Renewable vs non-renewable Resources
is fixed in quantity.
Ex: oil & gas
Minerals
Renewable:
it can regenerate itself.
Can be harvested at a sustainable manner for indefinite periods of time if they managed properly.
Renewable does not mean inexhaustible.
Ex: Fishery resources

14. Biological (Living) resources
Are living animals and plants collected for human use
It is the main reserve of protein food either from fisheries or mariculture…….
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

15. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Fish
clams
the ocean was used
for food
seaweed
shrimp
Squid
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

16. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Non-living resources
Physical resources
Result from the deposition, precipitation, or accumulation of useful substances in the ocean or seabed.
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

17. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Oil and gases
About 1/3 rd of the world oil and gas is pumped out of the ocean floor.
They are often found together beneath impermeable cap-rock. Drilling for oil offshore requires specialized equipment and is more costly than drilling on land. .
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

18. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Salts and Minerals
Magnesium
Sodium chloride
Manganese nodules
Phosphorite
Metallic sulfides and muds
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

19. Fresh Water Only 0.071% of Earth’s water is liquid, fresh,
and available at the surface for humans.
More than 1500 desalination plants worldwide
3.5 billion gallons/day, and rising!
0.6% is available as ground water.

20. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Marine Energy – Wave Motion
Result from the extraction of energy
directly from the heat or motion of ocean floor.
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

21. Nonextractive resources
Coastal and marine tourism
Transportation
Coastal facilities; harbours …..
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

22. What is the relationship between marine resources and National Income?
Discuss

23. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
- It is much easier and cheaper to move goods and people over the ocean than over land.
-This was obviously true in the past, when the sailing ships relied on the free power supplied by the wind.
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

24. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
المزارع السمكية
قسم علوم البحار
شركات البترول
معهد علوم
البحار
هيئة الأستشعار
من بعد
خريج علوم البحار
جهاز شئون البيئة
بيئة الأثار الغارقة
معهد حماية
الشواطئ
مصلحة الموانى
والمنائر
هيئة الثروة السمكية
معامل التحاليل
هيئة الصرف
الصحى
شركات الأدوية
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

25. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
Put (√) or (X)
Less than 80% of the water on or near Earth’s surface is contained in the ocean.
The ocean is a vast body of saline water.
There are only 3 oceans on Earth.
Atlantic Ocean is the smallest ocean.
The resources of the oceans are living and non-living.
Fish, Sea weeds and marine energy are living resources.
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

26. Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology
7) Physical resources resulted from the deposition, precipitation, or accumulation of useful substances in the ocean or seabed.
8) Oil and gases are physical resources.
9) About ¼ of the world oil and gas is pumped out of the ocean floor.
10) Marine energy resulted from the extraction of energy directly from the heat or motion of ocean floor.
11) Coastal and marine tourism are physical resources.
Dr. Amany A. Ismael, Ass. Professor of Marine Biology

27. Summary