1. Cell Structure

2. Measuring Cell Structures
1. Measurement taken by scientists are expressed in Metric Units. The official name of the metric system is International System of Measurements.
The metric system is based on powers of 10.

3. fill in the metric chart.
Unit
Prefix
Metric equivalent
Real life equivalent
Kilometer (km)
Kilo-
1,000 m
About 2/3 of a mile
Meter (m)
1 m (SI base Unit)
A little more than a yard
Centimeter (cm)
Centi-
0.01 m
About half the diameter of a penny
Millimeter (mm)
Milli-
0.001 m
About the width of a pencil tip
Micrometer (um)
Micro- m
About the length of a bacterial cell
Nanometer (nm)
Nano- m
About the length of a water molecule

4. Types of Microscopes 2. Electron Microscope
1. Compound Light Microscope
The most powerful Light microscopes can magnify up to 2000X.
2. Electron Microscope
Electron microscopes can magnify up to 200,000X.
Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) reveal internal details.
Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) shows 3-D images of surface.

5. Eyepiece
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Objectives
Arm
Stage Clip
Stage
Course Adjustment
Diaphragm
Fine Adjustment
Light
Base

6. Eyepiece – lens closest to the viewers eye
Body Tube – directs light from the objective to the eye
Revolving nosepiece – hold the objectives
Arm – holds the base of the microscope with the objectives and eyepiece
Stage Clips – hold the slide in place
Stage – supports the slide

7. Course Adjustment – used to bring an object into focus under LOW power
Fine Adjustment – used to fine tune the focus under LOW and HIGH power
Base – holds the light source, connects to the arm to hold the other parts of the microscope together
Objective – more magnification of the objective
Light source – light source
Diaphragm – controls the amount of light that travels through the specimen

8. Levels of Organization
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cells
Atoms (Chemical)

9. I. Looking at Cells
A. Scientists only became aware of cells after the invention of the microscope.
:Robert Hooke observed cork cells
and called them “little boxes”.
1675:Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a
microscope and observed pond water. He
discovered many living creatures.

10. Cell Theory A. Whose observations helped form the CELL THEORY?
1838- Mattias Schleiden concluded that cells make up every part of the Plant.
1839- Theodor Schwann concluded that animals are made up of cells.
1858- Rudolph Virchow determined that cells only come from other cells.

11. 3 parts of the Cell Theory
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.
3. All cells arise from existing cells.

12. How many cells are our bodies made up of? 100 trillion
CELL SIZE
Small cells function more efficiently than large cells.
How many cells are our bodies made up of? 100 trillion
The advantage of cells being smaller is that
substances that enter or leave a cell must cross that cell’s surface; if the cell is small they can exchange substances more readily than large ones.

13. Relationship between Surface area and Volume

14. Common Features of Cells
Cell Membrane- outer boundary of cell
Function- regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Made up of- phospholipids and proteins
Cytoplasm- fills the cell; cell parts are suspended in this
Function- same as above
Made up of- water and salts

16. Cytoskeleton- a system of microscopic fibers
Function- provides framework, shape and support
Made up of- protein fibers

17. Ribosomes- proteins are made here
DNA- found in the nucleus
Function- provides instructions for making proteins, regulates cell activities
Made up of- nucleotides

18. Prokaryotes Smallest and simplest cells.
Prokaryote- is a single-celled organism that LACKS a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
They were the only organisms on Earth for 2 billion years. They are very simple and small. The familiar prokaryotes that cause infection and cause food to spoil are commonly called Bacteria.

19. Characteristics of Prokaryotes
They can live everywhere.
They can cause infection in humans and grow and divide very rapidly.
Some do not need oxygen to survive.
Some can make their own food.
Prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm, cell wall, ribosomes, cell membrane & DNA (circular). Some have flagella for movement.
Some prokaryotic cell walls are surrounded by a capsule that enables the cell to cling to almost anything.

20. .
Flagellum
Capsule
DNA
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Ribsomes

21. Eukaryotic Cells
A eukaryote is an organism whose cells have a nucleus.
Organelle-parts of the cell that carry out specific activities
Nucleus-internal compartment that holds DNA
Function- controls cells activities

22. Cilia-short hair-like structures
Function-used for movement
Cytoskeleton- provides interior framework
Function- support and shape of the cell
Made up of- protein fibers: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate fibers

23. Cell Membrane Cell Membrane- selective permeability (barrier)
Made up of- phospholipids and proteins
Draw a picture below of the Cell Membrane- Phospholipid and a Lipid bilayer:

25. Membrane Proteins
Serve many roles including: as markers; as receptors to recognize and bind to substances; as enzymes; as transport proteins to move substances across the membrane

26. Cell Organelles The Nucleus Contains Hereditary information- DNA & RNA
RNA- made in nucleus; used to make proteins
DNA- wound tightly into chromosomes
Humans have 46 chromosomes. Garden peas have 14 chromosomes.

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum-system of internal membranes
Function- moves proteins and other substances through the cell
Made up of- lipid bilayer & embedded proteins
Rough ER- contains ribosomes
Smooth ER- (lacks ribosomes)-makes lipids and breaks down toxins

28. C. Golgi Apparatus- flattened membrane- bound sac
Function- package and distribution center (UPS)
Made up of- proteins
D. Lysosomes- vesicles that bud off of Golgi Apparatus
Function-contains cell digestive enzymes
They are present in plant cells just fewer than are found in animal cells.

29. E. Mitochondria- “MIGHTY
MITOCHONDRIA”-site of cell metabolism
(more mitochondria=more energy)
Function-makes energy ATP for the cell
Made up of- 2 membranes-inner is folded out and outside is smooth.

30. F. Centrosome and Centrioles
Function- aid in cell division. Attaches to DNA to help divide it between the two cells
Made up of- microfilaments, microtubules, protein
They are not found in plants cell

31. Rough ER
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Golgi Apparatus
Cell Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Centrioles

32. F. Structures of Plant Cells-------- 3 structures found only in PLANT CELLS.
1. Cell Wall- surrounds the cell membrane
Function- support & maintains shape of the cell
Made up of- proteins, carbohydrates->cellulose
2. Chloroplasts- found in plant cells as well as algae
Function-use light energy to make
Carbohydrates ->glucose (sugar)
Made up of- 2 membranes; has own DNA
3. Central vacuole- takes up most of a plant cell’s volume
Function-stores water ,nutrients, wastes (when full cell wall is rigid)