1. DYNAMIC ROUTING

2. Dynamic Routing
Advantages of Dynamic over static :
There is no need to know the destination networks.
Need to advertise the directly connected networks.
Updates the topology changes dynamically.
Administrative work is reduced
Used for large organizations.

3. Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols
Distance Vector Protocol
Link State Protocol
Hybrid Protocol

4. Distance Vector Protocol
Works with Bellman Ford algorithm
Periodic updates
Classful routing protocol
Full Routing tables are exchanged
Updates are through broadcast
Also known as “Routing By Rumor”
Example: RIP, IGRP

5. Link State Protocol
Works with Dijkstra algorithm
Link state updates
Classless routing protocol
Missing routes are exchanged
Updates are through multicast
Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence”
Example : OSPF, IS-IS

6. Hybrid Protocol
Works with DUAL algorithm
Link state updates
Classless routing protocol
Missing routes are exchanged
Updates are through multicast
Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence”
Example : EIGRP

7. Routing Information Protocol
Open Standard Protocol
Classful routing protocol
Updates are broadcasted via
Administrative distance is 120
Metric : Hop count
Max Hop counts : Max routers : 16
Load Balancing of 4 equal paths
Used for small organizations

8. Rip Timers
Update timer : 30 sec
Time between consecutive updates
Invalid timer : 180 sec
Time a router waits to hear updates
The route is marked unreachable if there is no update during this interval.
Flush timer : 240 sec
Time before the invalid route is purged from the routing table
Holddown timer : 180sec
Specifies the amount of time for which the information about poorer routes are ignored.

9. RIP - Network Diagram HYD CHE BAN 10.0.0.1/8 S0 11.0.0.1/8 S0 S1/8
CHE S1 /8
BAN E0
/24 E0
/24 E0
/24
LAN /24
LAN /24
LAN /24

10. Disadvantages of RIP
More Bandwidth utilization
Doesn’t consider the bandwidth, works only with hop counts
Slow convergence
Formation of Routing loops

12. Directly Connected Networks on HYDERABAD Router
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version ]
(C) Copyright Microsoft Corp.
C:\>
telnet
Connecting
.....
================================
Welcome to Hyderabad Router
User Access Verification
password :
****
Directly Connected Networks on HYDERABAD Router
Hyderabad>
enable
password :
****
Hyderabad#
configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Hyderabad(config)#
interface serial 0
Hyderabad(config-if)#
ip address
Hyderabad(config-if)#
no shut
Hyderabad(config-if)#
clockrate 64000
Hyderabad(config-if)#
encapsulation hdlc
Hyderabad(config-if)#
exit
Hyderabad(config)#
Diagram

13. Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0
no ip routing
Hyderabad(config)#
ip routing
Hyderabad(config)#
router rip
Hyderabad(config-router)#
network
Hyderabad(config-router)#
network
Configuring RIP
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>
Hyderabad(config-router)#
Diagram

14. 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance
Hyderabad(config)#
router rip
Hyderabad(config-router)#
network
network
no ip routing
ip routing ^Z
Hyderabad#
show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
C /8 is directly connected, Serial0
R /8 [120/1] via , 00:00:25, Serial0
C /24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
R /24 [120/1] via , 00:00:25, Serial0
R /24 [120/2] via , 00:00:25, Serial0
Hyderabad#
R – for RIP routes
120 is nothing but Administrative Distance
Metric of Rip
Hop Count
Diagram

15. Routing Protocol is "rip"
Hyderabad#
show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 13 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface Send Recv Key-chain
Ethernet
Serial
Routing for Networks:
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
:00:00
Distance: (default is 120)
Hyderabad#
Diagram

16. Directly Connected Networks on CHENNAI Router
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version ]
(C) Copyright Microsoft Corp.
C:\>
telnet
Connecting
.....
================================
Welcome to Chennai Router
User Access Verification
password :
****
Directly Connected Networks on CHENNAI Router
Chennai>
enable
password :
****
Chennai#
configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Chennai(config)#
interface serial 1
Chennai(config-if)#
ip address
Chennai(config-if)#
no shut
Chennai(config-if)#
encapsulation hdlc
Chennai(config-if)#
interface serial 0
Chennai(config-if)#
ip address
Chennai(config-if)#
no shut
Chennai(config-if)#
encapsulation hdlc
Diagram

17. Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 Chennai(config-router)#
no ip routing
Chennai(config)#
ip routing
Chennai(config)#
router rip
Chennai(config-router)#
network
Chennai(config-router)#
network
Configuring RIP
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>
Chennai(config-router)#
network
Chennai(config-router)#
Diagram

18. 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance
Chennai(config)#
router rip
Chennai(config-router)#
network
network
no ip routing
ip routing
network ^Z
Chennai#
show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
C /8 is directly connected, Serial1
C /8 is directly connected, Serial0
R /24 [120/1] via , 00:00:01, Serial1
C /24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
R /24 [120/1] via , 00:00:12, Serial0
Chennai#
R – for RIP routes
120 is nothing but Administrative Distance
Metric of Rip
Hop Count
Diagram

19. Routing Protocol is "rip"
Chennai#
show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 5 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface Send Recv Key-chain
Ethernet
Serial
Serial
Routing for Networks:
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
:00:23
:00:03
Distance: (default is 120)
Chennai#
Diagram

20. Directly Connected Networks on Banglore Router
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version ]
(C) Copyright Microsoft Corp.
C:\>
telnet
Connecting
.....
================================
Welcome to Banglore Router
User Access Verification
password :
****
Directly Connected Networks on Banglore Router
Banglore>
enable
password :
****
Banglore#
configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Banglore(config)#
interface serial 1
Banglore(config-if)#
ip address
Banglore(config-if)#
no shut
Banglore(config-if)#
clockrate 64000
Banglore(config-if)#
encapsulation hdlc
Banglore(config-if)#
exit
Banglore(config)#
Diagram

21. Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0 Banglore(config-router)#
no ip routing
Banglore(config)#
ip routing
Banglore(config)#
router rip
Banglore(config-router)#
network
Banglore(config-router)#
network
Configuring RIP
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>
Banglore(config-router)#
Diagram

22. 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance
Banglore(config)#
router rip
Banglore(config-router)#
network
network
no ip routing
ip routing ^Z
Banglore#
show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
R /8 [120/1] via , 00:00:04, Serial1
C /8 is directly connected, Serial1
R /24 [120/2] via , 00:00:04, Serial1
R /24 [120/1] via , 00:00:04, Serial1
C /24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Banglore#
R – for RIP routes
120 is nothing but Administrative Distance
Metric of Rip
Hop Count
Diagram

23. Routing Protocol is "rip"
Banglore#
show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface Send Recv Key-chain
Ethernet
Serial
Routing for Networks:
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
:00:06
Distance: (default is 120)
Banglore#
Diagram

24. Type escape sequence to abort.
Hyderabad#
ping
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Hyderabad#
ping
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Hyderabad#
Diagram

25. Type escape sequence to abort.
Chennai#
ping
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Chennai#
ping
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Chennai#
Diagram

26. Type escape sequence to abort.
Banglore#
ping
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Banglore#
ping
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Banglore#
Diagram