1. Civil Air Patrol – California Wing Crew Resource Management Mission Scanner Course
Chapter 11
Version 1.2 (1 March 2014)

2. Objectives Discuss the fundamentals of Crew Resource Management (CRM)
Discuss failures and introduce error chain
Discuss situational awareness
Discuss how to regain SA once lost
Describe barriers to communications
Define/discuss task saturation
Discuss assignments and coordination of duties

3. Aircrew Task P-2028 Discuss Crew Resource Management

4. Why CRM?
A properly trained and performing aircrew can collectively perform complex tasks better and make more accurate decisions than the single best performer on the crew
An untrained or underperforming aircrew's overall performance can be significantly worse than the performance of its weakest single crewmember
What are some positive and negative behaviors and attitudes of crew members?
Discuss fundamentals of CRM.

5. Safety Statistics General Aviation compared to CAP / per 100,000 hours
NTSB rate for 2010 is an average for comparison only. The NSTB has not published their prelim 2010 rate yet.

6. Safety Statistics

7. Failures Parts and equipment. People. Mechanical failures
Human failures
14.2
Objective 14.1 – Discuss failures and the error chain.

8. The Error Chain
A series of events that when linked together, cause a mishap
Should any one link in the events be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur
It is up to each crewmember to recognize possible links and break the error chain
14.2
Objective 14.1 – Discuss failures and the error chain.

9. Situational Awareness
Reality
Your perception of reality
As long as the two are close, you are good. When the two drift apart your situational awareness is not so good.

10. Situational Awareness (SA)
Know what is going on around you AT ALL TIMES
Requires:
Good mental health
Good physical health
Attentiveness
Inquisitiveness
14.3
Objective 14.2 – Discuss situational awareness.

11. Loss of SA Strength of an Idea Hidden agenda Complacency Accommodation
Sudden Loss of Judgement

12. Symptoms of Loss of SA Fixation Ambiguity Complacency Euphoria
Confusion
Distraction
Overload

13. Hazardous Attitudes Impulsiveness Invulnerability Macho Resignation
Anti-authority
Impulsiveness
Invulnerability
Macho
Resignation
Get-There-It-us

14. Remember: “Aviate, Navigate, Communicate”
Regaining SA
Reduce workload: Suspend the mission.
Reduce threats:
Get away from the ground and other obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude).
Establish a stable flight profile where you can safely analyze the situation.
Take your time, reduce urgency, breath, hydrate
Remember: “Aviate, Navigate, Communicate”
14.4
Objective Discuss how to regain SA once lost.

15. “Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This is Stupid.”
How do we get it back?
Trust your gut feelings
“Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This is Stupid.”
Pilot establishes aircraft in a safe and stable configuration, and then discuss the problem
Sterile Cockpit
Limit talk to the minimum necessary for safety.
Taxi, takeoff, departure, low-level flying, approach, landing
14.4
Objective Discuss how to regain SA once lost.

16. Barriers to Communication

17. Barriers to Communication
Hearing
The biological function of receiving sounds, converting them to electrical impulses, and having the brain interpret them
Listening
Correctly identifying what the sender has sent in their message
14.5
Objective 14.4 – Discuss barriers to communication.

18. Barriers to Communication
Distracters
Physical/Mental: Noise, static, simultaneous transmissions; fatigue and stress
Wording: Incomplete or ambiguous message, too complex or uses unfamiliar terminology
Personal: Boring, lack of rapport or lack of credibility

19. Too much information at one time
Task Saturation
Too much information at one time
Too many tasks to accomplish in a given time
Usually occurs when an individual is confronted with a new or unexpected situation and loses SA
14.6
Objective 14.5 – Define and discuss task saturation.

20. Task Saturation
Keep your workload to an acceptable level
If you feel overwhelmed, tell the others before becoming saturated and losing your situational awareness
Watch your team members for signs of saturation

21. Identification of Resources
External and internal
Identify your resources, know where to find them, and how to use them to accomplish the mission

22. Assignment of Duties
Mission Commander
Responsible for all phases of the assigned mission expect for those aspects of safety-of-flight which relate to the physical control of the aircraft and within the prerogatives of the Pilot in Command
Aircraft Commander
Responsible for the safe, orderly flight of the aircraft and the well-being of the crew. Responsibility for starting or continuing a mission with regard to weather or any other condition affecting the safety of the aircraft and crew rests with the Pilot in Command
14.8
Objective 14.6 – Discuss assignments and coordination of duties.

23. Understand and execute your assignments
Crew Coordination
Understand and execute your assignments
Communicate
Question

24. CRM Checklist CRM SKILL POSITIVE FACTORS NEGATIVE FACTORS
Mission Planning Brief
Organize; clearly assesses and defines mission, environment, aircraft and situation, covers contingencies
Neglects, rushed, incomplete, vague, lectures, ignores
Situational Awareness
Anticipates, monitors, prevents loss, recognizes own/other’s loss, regains
Disoriented, confused, lost, fixated
Crew Coordination and Flight Integrity
Leads, identifies roles and expectations, sets tone, respects, encourages, assertive
Judges, ridicules, overreacts, ignores, imposes, accepts error
Communication
Clear, concise, listens, interprets, efficient, gets or gives feedback
Interrupts, withholds, discounts, ambiguous, mumbles
Task Management
Prioritizes, assigns tasks, creates time, plans, delegates, checklist discipline
Rushed, overloaded, complacent, mis-prioritizes
Risk Management & Decision Making
Identifies and assesses problems, explores solutions, makes appropriate decisions
Avoids, delays, vacillates, argues, fails to consider consequences of decision
Debrief
Objective through feedback, non-threatening, recaps key points, solicits inputs, provides corrective action
Rushed, incomplete, vague, lectures, blames, ignores

25. Summary Pay close attention to all briefings
Understand the “big picture”
Watch for task overload in yourself and other crewmembers
67% of air transport accidents occur during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, departure, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight.
Begin critical communications with instructions, then explain

26. Summary (con’t) Successful missions hinge on each and every crewmember
Learn how to use the procedures and tools available to you, and use them correctly
Never stop learning
Don’t be afraid to ask questions
Never criticize someone for asking questions
Anyone can call “Knock it off,” “This is Stupid,” “Time Out,” or “Abort”
Remember that the Mission Pilot must make the final decision based on the crew’s input

27. QUESTIONS?

28. Congratulations!