1. Week 2 Microscopic Anatomy

2. Objective 1: The Compound Light Microscope
Parts of the Microscope
Focusing Procedures
Useful Terms
Microscope Care & Handling

3. Parts of the Microscope
Ocular lens
Revolving nosepiece
Objective lenses
Arm
Stage clips
Mechanical stage
Course adjustment knob
Substage light
Fine adjustment knob

4. Microscope Care & Handling
Always use both hands when transporting the microscope
Clean lenses before and after use
Never use anything but lens paper to clean lenses
Before plugging in the microscope, check to make sure all components are in proper “starting position”

5. Focusing Procedures Slide placement Ocular lens adjustment & focusing
Light adjustment
Dimmer
Diaphragm
Substage condenser
Objective lens
4X or 10X first
Objective and stage close together
Focusing
Course adjustment - 4X or 10X only
Fine adjustment
Readjusting light with increasing magnification
Oil immersion lens

6. Microscope Care & Handling
Clean lenses before and after use
Never use anything but lens paper to clean lenses
Make sure you have removed the slide
Turn light OFF
Rotate the nosepiece to the lowest power objective
Position the stage & the objective lenses as close together as possible
Raise condenser lens
Switch diaphragm lever to dimmest setting
Return the microscope to it’s proper place

7. Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the ocular lens
TM = (Objective lens) x (Ocular lens) X

8. TM = (Objective lens) x (Ocular lens)

9. Objective 2 : Specimen Preparation

10. Does this sound familiar?
Always remember:
Structures, organs, and even individual cells can be sectioned in different planes.
Does this sound familiar? LS WM CS

11. Different planes of section through the seminiferous tubules of the testes

12. There are several ways a specimen can be prepared for light microscopy:
Wholemount - the entire structure is mounted on the slide
Section - a thin slice of a tissue or organ is placed on a glass slide
Smear - most suitable when viewing cell suspensions such as blood, urine, mucus, cyst fluid, etc...
Squash - cells are broken by applying pressure to the slide, intracellular contents are liberated,
e.g., chromosomes

13. Whole Mount
Squash
Smear

14. Longitudinal Section
Cross Section
lumen
lumen

15. Staining
The majority of specimens are stained with a combination of dyes that highlight differences between cellular structure
This is an H&E stained section
of the kidney. The darker blue structures are the nuclei of the cells

16. Some Common Stains Used in Histology or: You can’t judge a slide by it’s color
Liver
Hematoxylin and Eosin
(H & E)
Liver
Iron stain

17. Cell structure
The structural, biological, & functional unit of all living organisms
CELL =

18. Cells come in many shapes and sizes!

19. Structure and function are intimately related!
Erythrocytes
Cells that:
(a) Connect body parts
(b) Form linings
(c) Transport gases
Fibroblasts
Epithelial cells
Smooth
muscle cells
Skeletal
muscle
cell
Nerve cell
Cells that move organs and body parts
Cell that gathers information and controls
body functions
Macrophage
Fat cell
Sperm
Cell that stores nutrients
Cell that fights disease
Cell of reproduction

20. Parts of a cell as seen under the microscope
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Renal Tubule, cs

21. Simple squamous epithelium: two views
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

22. Pluripotent Stem Cells
Objective 4: Embryonic Germ Layers
Pluripotent Stem Cells

23. The embryonic germ layers are:
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

24. They will give rise to all the different tissues and organs of the body

25. Section taken from a blastocyst, around the 2nd week of development
Embryonic Germ Layers
Section taken from a blastocyst, around the 2nd week of development

26. The study of the tissues of the body
Histology part 1
The study of the tissues of the body

27. TISSUE =
Two or more cells that share a common: structure, function, & embryological origin

28. There are four tissue categories:
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Nerve Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Histology is the study of tissues.

29. Tissues in perspective:

30. Objective 1: Epithelial Tissues
Location
Covers body surfaces
Lines internal cavities
Functions
Diffusion, secretion, absorption, filtration, protection
Note: the singular form is epithelium; plural form epithelia

31. Classification of epithelium
By cell shape
By number of layers
Flat
One layer =
Simple
Cubbish
More then one layer =
Stratified
Column-like

32. Putting it all together:
To classify an epithelium state the number of layers then cell shape.

33. Some specializations:
Cilia
Microvilli

34. Types of Simple Epithelia
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Look for a flattened nucleus
Look for a rounded nucleus
Look for an oval nucleus

35. Stratified Epithelia Named according to the shape of the apical layer of cells
Stratified columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal

36. More Epithelia
Pseudostratified
Transitional

37. What to label? Nucleus Cytoplasm Basement Membrane Apical Cells
Basal Cells
Basement Membrane
Basement Membrane

38. Identify the Epithelial Tissue

39. Identify the Epithelial Tissue

40. Identify the Epithelial Tissue