1. Restoring Europe & the Beginning of the Cold War
Results of World War II

2. Planning for Peace before the End
1. As W.W.II raged throughout early 1940’s, meetings were held not only to decide how to wage the war, but also how to manage the peace after the war. These questions were decided by the Big Three, the leaders of the three major Allied nations. They were….

3. Planning for Peace before the End
Franklin Roosevelt
Interests: wanted compromise & prosperity between the Allies & the Soviet Union.
Why would Roosevelt be the middle man in the peace settlement?

4. Planning for Peace before the End
Winston Churchill
Interests: wanted a strong & free Western Europe to resist Communism.
Why would Churchill want a free Europe in the peace settlement?

5. Planning for Peace before the End
Joseph Stalin
Interests: wanted a strong Soviet Union & control over Eastern Europe.
Why would Stalin want a Soviet controlled Europe in the peace settlement?

6. Planning for Peace before the End
2. The last meeting of the Big Three was in July 1945 at the Potsdam Conference.
Held in southern Germany after Hitler’s defeat.
Main Goal at Potsdam: maintain long-lasting world peace.

7. Planning for Peace before the End
2. The last meeting of the Big Three was in July 1945 at the Potsdam Conference.
Held in southern Germany after Hitler’s defeat.
Main Goal at Potsdam: maintain long-lasting peace.
Stalin wanted peace by expanding Soviet influence.
Roosevelt/Churchill wanted peace through Capitalism & freedom.

8. Planning for Peace before the End
Soviet Demands
Allied Demands
Keep Red Army in “liberated” E. Europe.
Why? Maintain Soviet influence & a buffer zone w/ the West.

9. Planning for Peace before the End
Soviet Demands
Allied Demands
Keep Red Army in “liberated” E. Europe.
Why? Maintain Soviet influence & a buffer zone w/ the West.
Germany pays reparations for the war.
Why? Germany lost, help rebuild Europe.

10. Planning for Peace before the End
Soviet Demands
Allied Demands
Keep Red Army in “liberated” E. Europe.
Why? Maintain Soviet influence & a buffer zone w/ the West.
Germany pays reparations for the war.
Why? Germany lost, help rebuild Europe.
Soviets get most of the reparations.
Why? Soviets suffered the most in the war.

11. Planning for Peace before the End
Soviet Demands
Allied Demands
Keep Red Army in “liberated” E. Europe.
Why? Maintain Soviet influence & a buffer zone w/ the West.
Germany pays reparations for the war.
Why? Germany lost, help rebuild Europe.
Soviets get most of the reparations.
Why? Soviets suffered the most in the war.
Creation of the United Nations.
Why? Maintain peace through diplomacy.

12. Planning for Peace before the End
Soviet Demands
Allied Demands
Keep Red Army in “liberated” E. Europe.
Why? Maintain Soviet influence & a buffer zone w/ the West.
Germany pays reparations for the war.
Why? Germany lost, help rebuild Europe.
Soviets get most of the reparations.
Why? Soviets suffered the most in the war.
Creation of the United Nations.
Why? Maintain peace through diplomacy.
Divide Germany into four occupied zones.
Why? Keep Germany weak & to enforce the peace treaty.

13. Planning for Peace before the End
Soviet Demands
Allied Demands
Keep Red Army in “liberated” E. Europe.
Why? Maintain Soviet influence & a buffer zone w/ the West.
Germany pays reparations for the war.
Why? Germany lost, help rebuild Europe.
Soviets get most of the reparations.
Why? Soviets suffered the most in the war.
Creation of the United Nations.
Why? Maintain peace through diplomacy.
Divide Germany into four occupied zones.
Why? Keep Germany weak & to enforce the peace treaty.
Free elections in E. Europe to determine their GOV’s.
Why? Allow people to decide their GOV w/o outside influence.

14. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
United Nations created to maintain world peace.

15. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
United Nations created to maintain world peace.
U.N. would serve as the world meeting hall to end problems w/o war.
U.N. could enforce decisions w/ sanctions & U.N. troops.

16. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
United Nations created to maintain world peace.
U.N. would serve as the world meeting hall to end problems w/o war.
U.N. could enforce decisions w/ sanctions & U.N. troops.
U.N. had a Security Council to make decisions on world threats.
U.S., Britain, France, China, & the Soviet Union.

17. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
“Liberated” countries in E. Europe held free elections.
Soviet Red Army kept troops in E. Europe.
How do you think this affected election outcomes after the war?

18. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
“Liberated” countries in E. Europe held free elections.
Soviet Red Army kept troops in E. Europe.
How do you think this affected election outcomes after the war? Communist GOV’s were elected to across E. Europe.

19. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
Defeated countries were occupied & rebuilt.
Purpose: To remove harmful elements & any ideas of revenge.

20. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
Defeated countries were occupied & rebuilt.
Purpose: To remove harmful elements & any ideas of revenge.
Germany/Berlin was divided into four occupied zones.
How would Germany be influenced by their occupiers?

21. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
Defeated countries were occupied & rebuilt.
Purpose: To remove harmful elements & any ideas of revenge.
Germany/Berlin was divided into four occupied zones.
How would Germany be influenced by their occupiers? West would be Capitalist democracies & East would be Communist dictatorships.

22. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
Germany paid reparation payments to the Allies.
Soviets received ½ of reparations from Germany.
Allied Nations:
Military: 19 million
Civilian: 25.5 million
Axis Nations:
Military: 6.5 million
Civilian: 1.5 million
Estimated Total: 53 million

23. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Results of the Potsdam Conference
Germany paid reparation payments to the Allies.
Soviets received ½ of reparations from Germany.
War Crime trials were setup to prosecute Nazi leaders.
To ensure peace, Nazi ideas had to be removed & their leaders punished.
This would begin De-Nazification.

24. Potsdam Peace Settlement
Which of the Allied nations gained the most from the peace settlement? Why?
Which of the Allied nations gained the least from the peace settlement? Why?
Europe is no longer divided among national borders, but through ideologies. What ideologies are separating Europe in the post-war world?

25. War Crimes
1. War Crime Trials were setup in Germany after World War II in order to…
Punish those responsible & eliminate all traces of the Nazi Party from Germany.

26. War Crimes
1. War Crime Trials were setup in Germany after World War II in order to…
Punish those responsible & eliminate all traces of the Nazi Party from Germany.
These trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany.
The end of the Nazis would begin at their birth place.
These trials were called the Nuremberg Trials.
They would prosecute the remaining Nazi Party officials for various counts of war crimes; despite very few rules of war these trials would setup written & unwritten laws to follow in future wars.

27. War Crimes
2. There were only 22 high-ranking Nazi officials alive after the war; most had committed suicide or fled the country. These men were prosecuted on four (4) counts:
Conspiracy to Wage Aggressive War.
This count helped address the crimes committed before the war began, show a plan to commit crimes during the war.
The proof: remilitarization, invasions & expansions, treaties & documents.

28. War Crimes
2. There were only 22 high-ranking Nazi officials alive after the war; most had committed suicide or fled the country. These men were prosecuted on four (4) counts:
Waging Aggressive War.
This count included the planning, preparation, initiation, and waging of wars of aggression, which were also wars in violation of international treaties and agreements.
The proof: the war itself, bombings, invasions, declarations of war.

29. War Crimes
2. There were only 22 high-ranking Nazi officials alive after the war; most had committed suicide or fled the country. These men were prosecuted on four (4) counts:
War Crimes.
This count included the more “traditional” violations of the law of war: mistreatment of prisoners of war, slave labor, and use of outlawed weapons.
The proof: POW camps, work camps & foreign workers, poison gas.

30. War Crimes
2. There were only 22 high-ranking Nazi officials alive after the war; most had committed suicide or fled the country. These men were prosecuted on four (4) counts:
Crimes Against Humanity.
This count involved the actions in concentration camps and other death rampages.
The proof: concentration & death camps, mass graves, & documentation of crimes.
How did we find out about this?

31. The Holocaust
Those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, lack of disease control, individual executions, and medical experiments.

32. The Holocaust

33. The Holocaust

34. The Holocaust

35. The Holocaust

36. The Holocaust

37. The Holocaust

38. The Holocaust

39. The Holocaust

40. The Holocaust
Let’s watch a video clip to illustrate how most camps were discovered & what was done to help the survivors!

41. War Crimes 3. Of the 22 high-ranking Nazi officials prosecuted…
10 were sentenced to death.
8 were sentenced to prison (life or years).
3 were acquitted.
1 committed suicide before death sentence.

42. War Crimes 3. Of the 22 high-ranking Nazi officials prosecuted…
10 were sentenced to death.
8 were sentenced to prison (life or years).
3 were acquitted.
1 committed suicide before death sentence.
The total number of people that died in the Holocaust was 11 million.
6 million Jews & 5 million other “undesirable races”.
Every group we looked at with identification badges.

43. Superpowers
1. With the destruction of W.W.II, the old European Powers were finished. European nations ruled the Imperial Age, but the Nuclear Age would be ruled by only two (2) nations…

44. Superpowers
1. With the destruction of W.W.II, the old European Powers were finished. European nations ruled the Imperial Age, but the Nuclear Age would be ruled by only two (2) nations…
United States of America.
U.S. was the only nuclear power & had the strongest economy.

45. Superpowers
1. With the destruction of W.W.II, the old European Powers were finished. European nations ruled the Imperial Age, but the Nuclear Age would be ruled by only two (2) nations…
United States of America.
U.S. was the only nuclear power & had the strongest economy.
Soviet Union.
Soviets had the largest army in the world & the 2nd strongest economy.
Both sides wanted to expand their spheres of influence through military & economic strength, but yet both were afraid of their rival superpower.

46. Superpowers
Soviet Union
United States
2. Wanted to expand their sphere of influence through Communism.
Soviet Union was a dictatorship.
Communists disliked Capitalists.

47. Superpowers
Soviet Union
United States
2. Wanted to expand their sphere of influence through Communism.
Soviet Union was a dictatorship.
Communists disliked Capitalists.
2. Wanted to expand their sphere of influence through Capitalism.
United States was a republic.
Capitalists disliked Communists.

48. Soviet Nation-Building
1. The Soviets rebuilt Eastern Europe’s…
Economy with Communism & a Command Economy.
GOV control, no private property, guaranteed employment, etc.
Government with pro-Soviet dictatorships.
Culture with Soviet values (obedience, fear, propaganda).

49. Soviet Nation-Building
1. The Soviets rebuilt Eastern Europe’s…
Economy with Communism & a Command Economy.
GOV control, no private property, guaranteed employment, etc.
Government with pro-Soviet dictatorships.
Culture with Soviet values (obedience, fear, propaganda).
2. In particular, the Soviets de-Nazified E. Germany, turning it into a model Communist dictatorship.

50. U.S. Nation-Building 1. U.S. rebuilt defeated enemies’…
Economy with Capitalism & a Free Market.
Little GOV regulation, private property, supply/demand, etc.
Government with pro-U.S. democracies.
Culture with American values mixed w/ their traditional values.

51. U.S. Nation-Building 1. U.S. rebuilt defeated enemies’…
Economy with Capitalism & a Free Market.
Little GOV regulation, private property, supply/demand, etc.
Government with pro-U.S. democracies.
Culture with American values mixed w/ their traditional values.
2. In particular, the U.S. de-Nazified W. Germany & de-militarized Japan turning them into model Capitalist democracies.

52. Results of World War II Political Results:
GOV’s were divided between two ideologies: Communism & Capitalism.

53. Results of World War II Political Results:
GOV’s were divided between two ideologies: Communism & Capitalism.
The world was influenced by two superpowers: the Soviet Union & the United States.
The Nuclear Age would bring about the possibility of total destruction on Earth.

54. Results of World War II Economic Results:
Europe was no longer the economic power of the world; the U.S. & Soviet Union were.
Economic recovery would tie the world’s economy together through globalization.

55. Results of World War II Economic Results: Cultural Results:
Europe was no longer the economic power of the world; the U.S. & Soviet Union were.
Economic recovery would tie the world’s economy together through globalization.
Cultural Results:
The threat of a Third World War created an “U.S. vs. Them” mentality.
People would challenge their GOV’s to live up to the principles for which they had fought for.