1. Community RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
(DCE3411)
Associate Prof. Dr. Roziah Mohd Rasdi
Dept. of Professional Development & Continuing Education
Faculty of Educational Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia

2. Principles and Objectives of Community Development
Topic 3
Principles and Objectives of Community Development

3. (A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE)
WHAT IS COMMUNITY?
(A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE)
Community is defined as a group of people in social interaction within a geographic area and having one or more additional common ties.
The meaning of community comprises:
 A territorial/geographic area
 Social interaction
Common ties (psycho-cultural)

4. As a cluster of people living within a specific geographical area
The community as a
Territorial Unit
An identified area
As a cluster of people living within a specific geographical area
The area determines the nature/type and identity of the community
e.g. : Campus community, community of Sri Serdang, community of Putrajaya

5. Consist of two dimensions: Community as a Social Group:
Community as a Unit of
Social Interaction
Consist of two dimensions:
Community as a Social Group:
- Social groups have several basic properties
such as a body of members, a collection of
social roles, and a set of norms
- Community as a group of human resources
e.g. : Association of Traders, Workers Union,
Student Association

6. Community as a Network of Interaction:
- interaction is defined as a face-to-face encounter between two or more people
- as a chain of input-output relationship (financial contribution, physical resources, labor force)
- a Bank in which it consists of people giving a service to a group of customers
- vertical and horizontal interaction

7. Stresses the idea of common ties or bonds among community members.
The Community as a
Psychocultural Unit
Stresses the idea of common ties or bonds among community members.
e.g. : Religion, culture, values, norms, vision
Maintains identity, cohesiveness and security in the community

8. Stresses the idea of common ties or bonds among community members.
The Community as a
Psychocultural Unit
Stresses the idea of common ties or bonds among community members.
e.g. : Religion, culture, values, norms, vision
Maintains identity, cohesiveness and security in the community

9. Not all interpretations of community have the geographical dimension
Exception in the Definition of
Community
Not all interpretations of community have the geographical dimension
e.g. : International community
Community of engineers
Community of entrepreneurs
Community of pensioners

10. Production/distribution/consumption) Socialization
Basic Functions of Community
Economic
Production/distribution/consumption)
Socialization
Family/neighbourhood – non-formal education
Political
Social control
Participation
Voluntary associations
Mutual support
Welfare, health, environmental resources

11. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
THE UN DEFINITION OF
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
The term ‘community development’ has come into international usage to connote the processes that allows community residents to come together to plan, generate solutions and take action developing the evolution of social, economic, environmental and cultural aspects of community (Hackett, 2004).
Community development is the planned evaluation of all aspects of community well-being (Frank & Smith, 1999).
Community development holds potential to build community cohesion by facilitating a community’s capacity to engag connections between individuals, organizations and local groups (Chaskin et al., 2001).

12. TWO RECENT DEFINITIONS
1. Community work is the process of assisting ordinary people to improve their own communities by undertaking collective action
2. A social work method (based on scientific process) which is directed towards achieving one or more of the following objectives:
to satisfy the broad needs of the community
and to create and maintain a balance between
the needs and the resources in the community

13. CONT…
to provide the community with the opportunity to exploit its strengths and potential (knowledge and skills) to develop these, in order not only to be able to deal with social problems and needs but also to prevent them.
to effect change in the community, in group relations and the distribution of decision-making powers.

14. Community Development Chain
Source: Adapted from Phillips & Pittman (2008)

15. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
GOALS OF
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
1. To achieve development objectives
Every program at community level has specific objectives
Collective objectives at local level become objectives at district and state levels

16. Community Development objectives should be in accordance with the goals at ministry and national levels.

17. To develop functional social institution
Community development is based on principle of working in a group
Indirectly, community development encourages the development of working committee, association, institution – all are having functions (functional)
E.g. JKKK (VDSC)
Youth Association
Women’s Club

18. 3. To strengthen community solidarity
Strengthens interpersonal communication
Through CD program, one knows each other in the community
Towards community cohesiveness

19. 4. Towards the development of local leadership
All group initiatives need leaders
Leaders - 2 types
Formal leaders
Non-formal Leader
- Elected formally
- Elected informally
- Have affiliation with an organization/ agencies
e.g. : District Officer
Health Officer
- Due to influence in the community because of reputation, expertise, popularity, etc.
- Structured roles and functions
E.g. : Village Head, JKKK
Pensioners (doctor, teachers)
- Have authority

20. 5. To mobilize human resources
People are important community resources
- Labour (administer, planner, workers)
CD process is HRD process
Therefore, the more active the CD program is, the better mobilization of the human resources in the community

21. 6. To increase the capability of community to face challenges
To prepare people through educational process (non-formal)
The emergence of social institutions facilitates this CD goal
Challenges
Fluctuations in commodity price
(e.g. Palm oil – effect on palm oil farmers)
ICT and education
Influence of mass media
Changes in demographic profiles (age, working parents).

22. 7. To encourage participation at local level
Planning
Implementation
Gaining the benefits of development
with and by the people

23. PRINCIPLES IN CD 1. Based on local problems Dengue Fever
Self-help program to combat the breeding of aedes mosquitoes
Poverty
Income-generating program at the local level

24. 2. Every individual is a human resource
2. Every individual is a human resource. Therefore, CD is an HRD process
3. Goal of CD is to help people to improve their livelihood.

25. 4. Leadership is important in CD, because it gives direction to people.
Expenses in CD is a kind of investment.
- participatory approach of development

26. 7. CD should start from the grass root level, then expands to district and state levels.
8. CD based on felt needs. Therefore, the role of CD worker is to change unfelt to felt needs.

27. Thank You