1. describe how the planets developed
Essential Questions
I will be able to write an explain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core
I will be able to compare the radiative and convective zones of the sun
When ask I will be able to describe the 3 layers of the sun’s atmosphere
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2. Vocabulary Chapter 28 section 1 & 2
Radiative zone
Convective zone
Photosphere
Chromosphere
Corona
Sunspots
Sunspot cycle
Prominences
Solar flare
Auroras
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3. describe how the planets developed
Homework
Vocabulary chapter 28, define and draw or give meaning – due Friday
Read pages 571 – 575 answer review questions on page 575 – due Wednesday
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4. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.1 Objectives
Explain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core
Compare the Radiative and convection zones of the sun
Describe the three layers of the sun’s atmosphere
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5. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28 Standards
Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system’s structure, scale, and change over time.
Students know the Sun is a typical star and is powered by nuclear reactions, primarily the fusion of hydrogen to form helium
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6. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.1 Notes
Structure of the sun
Until recently most people thought the sun energy was fire.
We now use spectroscopic analysis of the sun’s rays
Have studied the inner layers of the sun; the core, the inner zones and the atmosphere
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7. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.1 Notes
The core
The core is 15,000,000C and is 10% of the sun’s diameter of 1,300,000 km
Has 300,000 times our mass and therefore more gravity
There is enough pressure in the core to strip electrons from atoms
This creates plasma and allows nuclear fusion to take place
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8. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.1 Notes
Hydrogen Fusion
Two protons collide and fuse
One changes into a neutron
Another proton collide and fuse with the neutron and proton
This collides with another nuclei of the same
Two protons thrown off
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9. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.1 Notes
Mass into energy
Einstein proposed that a small amount of matter can create a large amount of energy
E=mc2 is the theory of relativity that show how much energy is created from matter
The sun coverts 600 million tons of Hydrogen a second
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10. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.1 Notes
The inner zones
The core 15,000,000C
Radiative zone surrounds core 2,500,000C
Convection zone
1,000,000C
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11. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.1 Notes
The Sun’s Atmosphere
Upper three layers of sun after convection zone
Photosphere or light – energy bubbles up here as light so we call it the surface, 6,000C
The Chromosphere is a reddish zone that seems to form jets off the photosphere
Corona is the outer layer that prevents energy loss
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12. describe how the planets developed
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describe how the planets developed

13. describe how the planets developed
Essential Questions
Explain how sunspots are related to powerful magnetic fields on the sun
Compare prominences and solar flares
Describe how the solar wind can cause auroras on the earth
When asked student should be able to explain in writing or orally.
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14. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.2 Notes
Solar Activity
Gravity and Fusion cause solar materials to constantly rise and fall
Gas also moves because of the solar rotation
The equator rotates in 25.3 days
The poles in 33 days
Average is 27 days
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15. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.2 Notes
Sun Spots
The up and down movement of the gases cause strong magnetic fields
These magnetic fields cause the convection currents to slow
Less material is raised to the photosphere – cool spots form 3,000C
The sunspot cycle is a 11 year period – most form at the equator – last low was 2008
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16. describe how the planets developed
Sunspots
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17. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.2 Notes
Prominences and solar flares
The magnetic fields cause large clouds of hot gas to arch high above the sun’s surface
The arch follows the magnetic field lines; can last a few days to a year
Solar flares a violent eruptions of gas; can last several hours
Flares thrown into space; cause magnetic storms on earth that can effect radio communication
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18. describe how the planets developed
Chapter 28.2 Notes
Auroras
Caused by magnetic storms from the sun
Charged particles move along earths magnetic fields and strike gases in the atmosphere
The are 100km to 1,000km above the surface
Sometimes called the northern or southern lights
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19. Solar Wind Interaction with Magnetosphere
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20. describe how the planets developed
Essential Questions
Explain the Nebular Theory of the origin of the solar system
Describe how the planets developed
Describe the formation of the land, the atmosphere, and the oceans of the earth
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21. Vocabulary Chapter 28 section 3
Solar system
Planets
Nebular theory
Solar nebula
Planetesimals
Protoplanets
Moons
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22. Chapter 28.3 Notes – nebular theory
Formation of the Sun & Planets
Nebular Theory
PlanetesimalsProtoplanets
Solar Nebula
5 Billion years ago…..
Explosion of nearby supernova caused nebula to condense and spin – SOLAR NEBULA
Planetesimals combined to form PROTOPLANETS – “pre-planets”
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23. describe how the planets developed
Origin of Elements
Hydrogen & Helium
found in nebulae
Lithium  Iron
formed in core of stars from fusion
Nickel  Plutonium
formed during explosion of supernovae and re-condense in new nebula
Is the Earth an “Original Planet?” Why?
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24. describe how the planets developed
Origin of Elements
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25. Periodic Table of Elements
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26. Lecture 28.3 - Formation of the Earth
3 Main sources of Residual HEAT
Primordial Heat
Left over heat from formation of Earth
Compression of outer layers
Radioactive Material in Core
3 Main Layers
Dense Core of Nickel & Iron
Mantle
Crust of less dense materials
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27. Lecture 28.3 - Formation of the Earth
The Solid Earth
Core-Mantle-Crust
The Atmosphere
Volcanic Outgassing of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
Reducing to Oxidizing Atmosphere through Cyanobacteria production of Oxygen
The Oceans
Rain formed oceans 3.5 Billion years ago
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28. describe how the planets developed
The Atmosphere
Original (FIRST) Atmosphere probably lost to solar winds
Present Atmosphere results from Outgassing
Hydrogen & Helium abundant in Solar Nebula – where did water come from?
Volcanic eruptions released MASSIVE amounts of carbon dioxide & water
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29. describe how the planets developed
Early Atmosphere
Reducing  Oxidizing Atmosphere
Sunlight caused Ammonia and water to form NITROGEN GAS
Cyanobacteria & photosynthetic plants converted nitrogen to energy making OXYGEN WASTE PRODUCT
Oxygen reacted with sunlight to form OZONE – PROTECTIVE LAYER
With more ozone, life was able to thrive
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30. describe how the planets developed
The Oceans
3 to 3.5 BILLION years ago, the Earth cooled enough to allow water to form from steam
Rain fell and oceans formed in lower areas
Today’s atmosphere has been constant for last 1.5 Billion years
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