1. Psychological Disorders
Chapter 14
Psychological Disorders

2. Chapter 14 Preview The Nature of Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders

3. Chapter 14 Preview Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenic Disorders
Personality Disorders

4. Chapter 14 Preview Psychological Disorders of Childhood
The Stigma of Mental Illness
Recapping Main Points

5. Nature of Psychological Disorders
Psychopathological functioning
Involves disruptions in emotional, behavioral, or thought process that leads to personal distress or blocks ability to achieve important goals

6. The Nature of Psychological Disorders
Abnormal psychology
Area of psychological investigation most directly concerned with understanding nature of pathologies of mind, mood, and behavior

7. Deciding What is Abnormal
Normal or Abnormal?
Distress or Disability
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Unconventionality and Statistical Rarity
Observer Discomfort
Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards

8. Problem of Objectivity
“The decision to declare someone psychologically disordered or abnormal is always a judgment about behavior.”
“Evidence” used to justify slavery
David Rosenhan
Donald Szasz

9. Classifying Psychological Disorders
Psychological diagnosis
Common shorthand language
Understanding of causality
Treatment plan

10. Classifying Psychological Disorders
Historical Perspectives on Classification
Emil Krapelin
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
DSM-IV-TR

11. Classifying Psychological Disorders
Axis I – Clinical Disorders
Axis II – Personality Disorders, Mental Retardation
Axis III – General Medical Conditions
Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (Psychosocial Stressors)
Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF Scale)
DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000)

12. Comorbidity
What is comorbidity?
Experience of more than one disorder at same time

13. Classifying Psychological Disorders
Neurotic Disorders
Psychotic Disorders
Insanity
Evolution of Diagnostic Categories

14. Etiology of Psychopathology
Biological Approaches
Assume that psychological disturbances are directly attributable to underlying biological factors
Psychological Approaches
Focus causal role of psychological or social factors in development of psychopathology
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Sociocultural

15. Stop and check!
Do you have “medical students’ disease”?
(HINT: Check page 393 of your text for more information)

16. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Anxiety Disorders
Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Phobias
Social Phobia
Specific Phobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Individual feels anxious and worried most of the time without specific threat or danger
Panic Disorder
Unexpected, severe panic attacks
Agoraphobia
Extreme fear of being in public places from which escape may be difficult
Phobias
Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation
Social Phobia
Arises in anticipation of a public situation
Specific Phobia
Occurs in response to specific types of objects or situations

17. Critical Thinking in Your Life
How do disorders enter the DSM? Why do the definitions of disorders include clusters of symptoms? Why does improved diagnosis often allow improved treatment?

18. Anxiety Disorders: Types
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessions
recurrent thoughts, images, or impulses
Compulsions
repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or rituals

19. Anxiety Disorders: Types
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events
Causes: War, combat, crime, disaster
Symptoms: Severe life disruption

20. Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Biological
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Cognitive

21. Causes of Mood Disorders
Biological
Preparedness hypothesis
Imaging techniques
Family and twin studies

22. Causes of Mood Disorders
Psychodynamic
Underlying psychic conflict
Displaced anxiety

23. Causes of Mood Disorders
Behavioral
Reinforcement or conditioning

24. Causes of Mood Disorders
Cognitive
Distorted perceptual processes or attitudes
Anxiety sensitivity
Cognitive biases

25. Mood Disorders Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Manic Episode
Major Depressive Disorder
Intense feeling of depression over an extended time
Bipolar Disorder
Alternating periods of depression and mania
Manic Episode
Extreme elation, euphoria, grandiose thoughts or feelings

26. Causes of Mood Disorders
Biological
Brain states
Genetics

27. Causes of Mood Disorders
Psychodynamic
Unconscious conflicts
Hostile feelings
Self-reproach and anger

28. Causes of Mood Disorders
Behavioral
Positive reinforcement
Punishment

29. Causes of Mood Disorders
Cognitive
Negative cognitive sets
Aaron Beck: Cognitive triad of depression
Martin Seligman: Learned helplessness

30. Gender Differences in Depression
Mood Disorders
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema
Women: Ruminative style increases vulnerability to depression
Gender Differences in Depression

31. Gender Differences in Rumination
Figure 14.2, page 401

32. Suicide Mood Disorders Youth suicide not spur of moment
Feelings of hopelessness and isolation
Negative self-concepts
Higher risk for gays and lesbians
Suicide

33. Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Physical illness or complaints that cannot be fully explained by actual medical conditions
Somatoform Disorders

34. Personality Disorders
Preoccupation with having or getting physical ailment despite reassurance of health
Hypochondriasis

35. Psychology in Your Life
How can we pinpoint interactions of nature and nurture? Can you answer the above question and provide an example from your own life?

36. Personality Disorders
Longstanding pattern of irresponsible or unlawful behavior that violates social norms
Antisocial Personality Disorder

37. Personality Disorders
Great instability and intensity in personal relationships; generally result from controlling anger
Borderline Personality Disorder

38. Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Disturbance in integration of identity, memory, or consciousness
Dissociative Disorders

39. Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Hypochondriasis
Somatization disorder
Conversion disorder
Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis
Belief in physical illness despite reassurances of health from medical practitioners
Somatization disorder
Long history of unexplained physical complaints
Conversion disorder
Loss of motor or sensory function that cannot be explained by damage to nervous system or other physical damage

40. Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
Inability to remember personal experiences
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Two or more distinct personalities
Cases of “Sybil,” “Three Faces of Eve

41. Schizophrenic Disorders
Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought
Schizophrenic Disorder
Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought
Hallucinations
False perceptions
Delusions
False or irrational beliefs

42. Schizophrenic Disorders
Hallucinations
Delusions
Schizophrenic Disorder
Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought
Hallucinations
False perceptions
Delusions
False or irrational beliefs

43. Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized Type
Catatonic Type
Paranoid Type
Undifferentiated Type
Residual Type

44. Genetic Risk of Developing Schizophrenia

45. Causes of Schizophrenia
Genetic Approaches
Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis
Brain Function and Biological Markers
Family Interaction as Environmental Stressor

46. Psychological Disorders of Childhood
Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Degree of inattention not consistent with level of development Signs of hyperactivity-impulsivity
Signs of hyperactivity-impulsivity (squirming, fidgeting, and excessive talking or blurting out answers and interrupting) that is not consistent with developmental level

47. Psychological Disorders of Childhood
Autistic disorder
Severe disruption in ability to form social bonds

48. Stigma of Mental Illness
Negative reaction to individual or group because of some assumed inferiority

49. Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
Deciding what is abnormal
Problem of objectivity
Classifying psychological disorders
Etiology of psychopathology
The Nature of Psychological Disorders

50. Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
Generalized Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorders
Phobias
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress disorders
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders

51. Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
Major Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
Causes of Mood Disorders
Gender Differences in Depression
Suicide
Mood Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Personality Disorders

52. Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
Somatoform Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Causes of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenic Disorders

53. Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Autistic Disorder
Psychological Disorders of Childhood
The Stigma of Mental Illness