1. Cl H H C Electrophiles and Nucleophiles
An electrophile is a molecule that is attracted to electrons in another molecule and will accept electron pairs
A nucleophile is a molecule donates an electron pair to an electrophile, forming a chemical bond Cl H
electrophile C H
nucleophile

2. Alkanes can also undergo halogenation reactions
Reactions of alkanes
One of the most common reactions of alkanes is combustion
CH3CH2CH3 + 5 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O
If the reaction takes place in an environment with insufficient oxygen, CO will be made as well
CH3CH2CH3 + 4 O2 → CO2 + 2CO + 4 H2O
Alkanes can also undergo halogenation reactions
+ HCl
43%
+ Cl2
57%
+ HCl

3. Other hydrocarbons can give even more different products
27%
14%
+ HCl
+ HCl
+ Cl2
36%
23%
+ HCl
+ HCl

4. Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution as well
Reactions of alkenes
Alkenes commonly undergo electrophilic addition reactions
electrophile - Cl Cl H H
H3C
CH3 +
H3C C C
CH3 C C
H3C H
H3C H
nucleophile
The electrophile adds across the double bond
Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution as well

5. HNO3
H2SO4
heat
Toluene
2-Nitrotoluene
H2SO4
HNO3
Heat!
HNO3
H2SO4
HEAT!!
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene

6. We can add organic groups to the aromatic ring by Friedel Crafts alkylation+
+ HBr
Adding different organic groups to the ring of different aromatic molecules can lead to a series of multifunctional compounds

7. H H3C CH2 O O CH2 H CH3 Reactions of alcohols
Alcohols can undergo condensation reactions to form ethers H+ +
heat + H H
H3C
CH2 O O
CH2 H
CH3

8. Alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids
H2CrO4
+ H2O
Acetaldehyde
Ethanol
H2CrO4
Acetic acid
The process can be stopped at the aldehyde and the acetaldehyde can be isolated

9. + Reactions of carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids can condense with alcohols to form esters +
Acetic acid
Ethanol
+ H2O
Ethyl acetate

10. + + Synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid Acetic Anhydride Salicylic Acid
Acetic Acid
Acetylsalicylic Acid