1. Monitoring of post-exercise dynamics of cardiovascular parameters in children: for coaches and physicians
Nataliya Pankova,
Eugeniya Bogdanova, Mikhail Karganov
Moscow Institute of Open Education,
Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology
under the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia

2. Equipment Respiration (ml) ECG Blood Pressure (mmHg) Time (sec) Spiro
Arterio
Cardio
Rhythmograph
Spectrum of Heart Rate Variability
Spectrum of Blood Pressure Variability
(systolic and diastolic)
Spectrum of Respiration (air velocity)
Parameters: Total Power, absolute and relative power of VLF, LF and HF ranges (ms2, mmHg2, l/m2)

3. BaroReflex Sensitivity (direct measurement)
Spontaneous baroreflex up
mean
down
Calculated BRS
BPs (mmHg)
RR (msec)

4. Stroke Volume (indirect assessment)
The classical methods of SV measurement are based on Fick's principle (1870), according to which cardiac output is proportional to the arterio-venous oxygen content difference [Ehlers K.C. et al., Cardiac output measurements. A review of current techniques and research, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 1986, vol. 14, p. 219.]
Noninvasive methods of SV measurements are more preferable for children, e.g. the method based on Kubicek's formula for impedance cardiography allowing evaluation of SV from the pulse wave parameters [Kubicek W.G. et al. Impedance cardiography as a noninvasive means to monitor cardiac function, J. Assoc. Adv. Med. Instrum., 1970, vol. 4, no., p. 79.]
Another approach is SV calculation by two-dimensional reconstruction from the parameters of averaged ECG [Kim T.H. et al. Two-phase reconstruction for the assessment of left ventricular volume and function using retrospective ECG-gated MDCT: comparison with echocardiography, Am. J. Roentgenol., 2005, vol. 185, no. 2, p ].

5. Evaluated parameters
Tidal volume at rest, vital capacity and index Tiffno (optional testing after regular records).
Mean, maximum, and minimum values of systolic and diastolic Blood Pressure (BP), standard parameters of BPs and BPd variability spectra (TP, VLF, LF, HF).
Amplitude-time parameters of cardiac complex (average data of all complexes occurring in the current ECG record) with following calculation of end-systolic, end-diastolic, and stroke volumes (SV), and cardiac output (CO).
Mean, maximum, and minimum values of Heart Rate (HR) (R-R interval duration), standard parameters of HR variability (TP, VLF, LF, HF), with following calculation of indices of autonomic balance AB = LF/HF, and stress index.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS).
In our study, functional capacities of the cardiovascular system were evaluated by the degree of changes (reactivity) in various parameters after physical load in comparison with testing before it.

6. Exercise tests
Warm-up running at the physical education class at school (nonathletic schoolchildren): min with final HR 160 strokes in minute, =moderate physical load
Martinet test (young figure skaters): 20 sit-ups in 30 seconds with final HR 125 strokes in minute, =moderate physical load
Short program (young figure skaters): 2 min 30 sec ± 10 sec with the same set of required elements with final HR strokes in minute, =submaximal physical load
For evaluation of reactivity of the
parameters during exercise test,
they were measured for 2-min in the
sitting position before and
immediately after the exercise.

7. Design of Experiment Nonathletic schoolchildren Young figure skatersHR
160/min
Background record
Testing record
SACR
adjustment
(30 sec)
SACR
adjustment
(30 sec)
SACR record
(120 sec)
moderate physical exercise
(warm-up running at school lesson)
approaching
(20-30 sec)
SACR record
(75 sec) HR
125/min
Young figure skaters
moderate physical exercise
(Martinet test)
SACR record
(120 sec) HR
/min
submaximal physical exercise
(performance of a short program)
SACR record
(120 sec)

8. Subjects characteristics
Physical load:
14 pupils of Moscow general education school (9 boys and 5 girls at the age of 9-10 years), control group of nonathletic schoolchildren
14 young figure skaters (7 girls and 7 boys at the age of 8-14 years), "Candidate Master" or "Master of Sports" qualification degree
Monitoring ( , 7 points):
35 young figure skaters (22 girls and 13 boys at the age of 8-14 years)
In accordance with The Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights Articles 5, 6 and 7, all tests were carried out only with the consent of the children and their parents (or legal representatives).

9. Heart Rate delta, %

10. Stroke Volume delta, %

11. Baroreflex Sensitivity delta, %

12. Dynamics of the cardiovascular system parameters of young figure skaters for 36 months (2010-2013)
Testing at rest in sitting position:
HR (and CO) decrease
Increase in TP of HRV spectrum and in absolute power of all ranges of the spectrum without changing their relative magnitudes
BPs increase
Stress-index decrease
=physiological laws of development

13. Dynamics in degree of changes (reactivity) of cardiovascular system parameters after physical load
Stroke volume
BPd range
1 – spring, 2 - autumn

14. (continuation)
Stress-index
R-R range
1 – spring, 2 - autumn

15. Parameters of the cardiovascular system in 2 examinees of the same gender and age with different exercise intensification prognosis: before and after short program performance and changes in the parameters in %.
Gender, age
f, 10 years
prognosis
positive
negative
before
after
 (%)
Heart rate, stroke/min
84.39
92.45
9.55
91.05
133.60
46.74
Stroke volume, ml
58.9
56.7
–3.74
52.0
48.2
–7.31
Minute volume, l/min
5.0
5.2
4.00
4.7
6.0
27.66
RR range, ms
383
463
20.89
410 67
–83.66
Total spectral power TPHR, ms2
8074
9745
20.69
6585
219
–96.67
VLFHR range power, ms2
795
1268
59.43
938
144
–84.67
Relative VLFHR range power, %
9.85
13.01
32.10
14.25
65.68
360.91
LFHR range power, ms2
1960
1500
–23.48
1289 60
–95.38
Relative LFHR range power, %
24.28
15.39
–36.60
19.58
27.20
38.95
HFHR range power, ms2
5319
6978
31.18
4358 16
–99.64
Relative HFHR range power, %
65.88
71.60
8.69
66.17
7.12
–89.24
Autonomic balance, LFHR/HFHR
0.37
0.21
–41.67
0.30
3.82
Stress index
52.3
39.61
–24.26
46.83
BPS, mmHg
99.74
108.34
8.62
122.45
116.00
–5.27
BPS range, mmHg 40 46
15.00 21 29
38.10
BPD, mmHg
66.31
78.19
17.92
64.87
75.00
15.62
BPD range, mmHg 18 25
38.89
–11.11
Baroreflex sensitivity, ms/mmHg
20.1
31.5
56.72
28.7
5.1
–82.23

16. Nataliya Pankova Moscow Institute of Open Education, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology under the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia Free full text Pankova N.B., Bogdanova E.V., Lubina B.G., Eygel M.Ya., Karganov M.Yu. Evaluation of Cardiovascular System’s Functional Reserves in Young Figure Skaters // Polysystemic approach to school, sport and environment medicine / Ed. M.Karganov. – USA, Henderson: OMICS Group, – URL: