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2. Biology: What is Life? life study of Properties of Life
Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many
Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation, digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion, circulation--processing materials and energy
Growth: cell enlargement, cell number
Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion
Reproduction: avoid extinction at death
Behavior: short term response to stimuli
Evolution: long term adaptation

3. Eukaryotic Growth Cells are generally much larger than prokaryotes
Cells may double in size before mitosis
Growth can be by increasing cell numbers and/or by increasing cell size…body complexity is another dimension of eukaryotic growth
Mitosis only refers to nuclear division and must be coordinated with or preceded by binary fission of chloroplasts and mitochondria (the endosymbionts) to ensure that all progeny cells have complete cell components
Eukaryotic genomes are distributed over several linear DNA molecules, are associated with histone proteins, and these must be replicated and moved in a coordinated way to avoid cells with incomplete genomes
There are several styles of cytokinesis among eukaryotic organisms (including furrowing)

4. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle cytokinesis mitosis PMAT postsynthesis gap
presynthesis gap G2 M G1
interphase S
Compare Fig Pg. 227
DNA synthesis

5. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle cytokinesis mitosis PMAT postsynthesis gap M
Interphase nucleus looks normal with intact nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, active transcription
PMAT
postsynthesis gap M
presynthesis gap G2 G1
nucleus smaller, chromatin lighter, one nucleolus
interphase S
binary fission of mitochondria, chloroplasts and centriole in interphase!
nucleus larger, chromatin darker, two nucleoli
DNA synthesis

6. Mitosis = PMAT early late ------Prophase--------- Prophase:
chromosome
centromere
------Prophase
Mitosis = PMAT
2 sister chromatids
Prophase:
Transcription stops
Duplicated chromosomes condense
Nucleolus disappears
Nuclear envelope disappears
Chromosomes in cytosol G2
Interphase G1

7. SEM of prophase chromosome
The coiled loops making up the chromosome consist of DNA wrapped around histone proteins, and then coiled together tightly to form the two sister chromatids

8. Artificially dyed SEM of the human prophase chromosomes
The human karyotype shows 46 (23 pairs) of chromosomes

9. An organized karyotype of a dividing cell from a female human
A SEM image of the male human’s Y chromosome
Compare Fig Pg. 252

10. The male sex chromosome combination: one X chromosome and one Y chromosome

11. GENES ON THE Y CHROMOSOME
Adapted from
11.32
11.31
11.2
11.1 P
11.21
11.22
11.23 12 Q
GENES ON THE Y CHROMOSOME
Testis Determining Factor (TDF)
Gadgetry (MAC-locus)
Channel flipping (FLP)
Catching and throwing (BLZ-1)
Self-confidence (BLZ-2) [unlinked to ability]
Ability to remember and tell jokes (GOT-1)
Sports page affinity (BUD-E)
Addiction to death and destruction movies (T-2)
Air guitar behavior (RIF)
Aircraft identification memory (DC10)
Youth fascination with Arachnida, Reptilia (MOM-4U)
Spitting behavior (P2E)
Reading on the john (SIT)
Inability to express affection over the phone (ME-2)
Selective hearing loss (HUH?)
Lack of recall after dates (OOPS)
The x-chromosome has 1000 genes critical to both males and females.
The y-chromosome has 86 genes for only 23 different proteins.
SRY is the gene modifying early development to convert the female body into a male.
The other 85 are male-specific genes dealing with spermatogenesis or sperm function.
Inherited from father to son, the sequences found on this chromosome can show genealogy of humans
OBVIOUS SPOOF!

12. Note: the location of haplogroups on earth are still indicative of what are believed to be ancient migration routes of Homo sapiens.

13. Mitosis = PMAT Mitosis = PMAT early late ------Prophase---------
Metaphase
Mitosis = PMAT
Mitosis = PMAT
Metaphase:
Spindle microtubules form at poles
Spindle fibers from each pole attach to centromeres
Spindle fibers push chromosomes to equatorial plane G2
Interphase G1

14. Mitosis = PMAT early late ------Prophase--------- Metaphase Anaphase:
Spindle microtubules shorten probably by depolymerization at ends
Centromeres break down, freeing sister chromatids
Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles G2
Interphase G1
Anaphase

15. Mitosis = PMAT early late ------Prophase--------- Metaphase late early
Nuclear envelope reappears
Chromosomes decondense
Transcription resumes
late
early G2
Interphase G1
cell plate cytokinesis
Anaphase
Telophase

16. Mitosis = PMAT early late ------Prophase--------- Metaphase late earlyG2
Interphase G1
cell plate cytokinesis
Anaphase
Telophase

17. Can you identify the phases of the cell cycle?
Mitosis in the African Blood Lily (Scadoxus multiflorus)
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Compare Fig Pg. 231
Can you identify the phases of the cell cycle?

18. Can you identify the phases of the cell cycle shown here?
Animal mitosis: Frog heart endothelium
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Can you identify the phases of the cell cycle shown here?
Compare Fig Pg. 231

19. Different modes of cytokinesis among eukaryotes
Animal cell
furrowing
phycoplast
Algal cell
Plant cell
phragmoplast
budding
Fungal cell

20. Cytokinesis: Furrowing cleavage in a frog zygote
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

21. Saccharomyces: yeast from kingdom Fungi Mitosis nearly complete
Cytokinesis via extrusion: budding! ? ?

22. Cytokinesis
A phragmoplast developing between two cells of root meristem in corn (Zea mays)
This potassium permanganate preparation for TEM shows membranes almost exclusively, so cytoplasm looks “simple” as do mitochondria. Note: nice Golgi (dictyosomes)!
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company