1. AGENDA
News paper articles Review Written Assignment Q & A Lecture on various drugs from Chapter One

2. Major Types of Commonly Abused Drugs
Six types of major drugs in use:
Prescription Drugs
Over the counter
Recreation Drugs (coffee, tea, alcohol)
Illicit Drugs
Herbal
Commercial (paints, glues, etc)

3. Examples of ILLICIT DRUGS
Stimulants (Cocaine, Methamphetamines etc)
Hallucinogens (Ecstasy, PCP, Mushrooms)
Depressants (Quaaludes, Valium)
Opioids (Heroin)
Cannabis

4. Similar effects as amphetamines and cocaine
Stimulants
BATH SALTS Designer drug containing substituted cathinone
Similar effects as amphetamines and cocaine

5. Stimulants cont’d

6. Hallucinogens/Psychedelics

7. Depressants
These drugs depress the CNS (Central Nervous System) Relieve boredom, stress, and anxiety Barbiturates, Valium, Quaaludes, Rohypnol (roofies)

8. Depressants cont’d

9. Alcohol Alcohol is a depressant that mainly affects the CNS
Known as a gateway drug, ethanol is a colorless, volatile, and pungent liquid resulting from fermented grains, berries, and other fruits and vegetables
Alcohol is a depressant that mainly affects the CNS

12. Nicotine
Also a gateway drug. Very addictive, colorless, highly volatile liquid alkaloid found in all tobacco products
Long-term use of tobacco products can lead to several different chronic respiratory ailments and cancers

13. Nicotine
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemical compounds which are created by the burning of tobacco leaves. Cigarette smoke includes tar and 4,000 other chemicals, including 43 substances that cause cancer. Others include gases, such as carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide interferes with the blood's ability to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. However, addiction to smoking is caused by another substance called nicotine.

14. Nicotine

15. Tobacco

17. Cannabis
Marijuana and Hashish Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. Cannabis Sativa and Indica plants

18. Synthetic Cannabis
K-2/Spice- Genericized trademarks as “legal herbs”
K2 contains synthetic cannabinoids that affect the body in similar fashion as marijuana.

19. Figure 01.HN01: Here and Now: Current Use of Spice/K2

20. Steroids

21. Anabolic Steroids
Steroids are a synthetic form of a the male hormone testosterone. They are often used to increase muscle size and strength
Medically, steroids are used to increase body tissue or to treat allergies.

22. Inhalants

23. Inhalants Organic Solvents
Are also considered gateway drugs and very attracted/popular to preteens and younger teenagers
Gasoline, model airplane glue, paint thinner
Generally, things around the house or garage

24. Narcotics/Opiates Opium, morphine, codeine, Demerol
From opium, we get what???

25. Heroin

26. Opium
What is Opium?
Opium is a naturally occurring substance found in the seeds of the opium poppy. Opium, which contains morphine, is extracted from the poppy seeds and used to produce heroin. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug and its use is a serious problem in America. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates.

27. Designer Drugs/ Synthetic Drugs
Innovations in technology have produced new categories known as designer drugs/synthetic drugs or synthetic opioids
MDMA, known as “Ecstasy”
Designer drug is a term used to describe drugs which are created (or marketed, if they had already existed) to get around existing drug laws, usually by modifying the molecular structures of existing drugs to varying degrees,

28. Designer Drugs Cont’d
These relatively new types of drugs are developed by people who seek to circumvent the illegality of a drug by modifying the drug into a new compound.

29. Overview of Drugs in Society
Many people think that problems with drugs are unique to this era.
However, drug use and abuse have always been a part of nearly all, past and present
Egypt
Evidence of wine only appeared as a finished product in Egyptian pictographs around 4000 BC
China
The earliest evidence of alcohol in China are wine jars from Jiahu which date to about 7000 BC. This early drink was produced by fermenting rice, honey, and fruit.

30. Drug Misuse
Drug misuse is the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter (OTC) types of drugs.
© Photos.com

31. Six Examples of Drug Misuse
Taking more drugs than prescribed
Using OTC or psychoactive drugs in excess without medical supervision
Mixing drugs with alcohol or other types of drugs

32. Six Examples of Drug Misuse Cont’d
4. Using old medicines to self-treat new symptoms of an illness
5. Discontinuing prescribed drugs at will and/or against physician’s orders
6. Administering prescribed drugs to a family member without medical consultation and supervision

33. Dimensions of Drug Abuse
Drug abuse is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity, or convenience.
Drug abuse refers to a more intense misuse of drugs—often to the point of addiction.
Also known as chemical or substance abuse.

34. Three Types of Drug Users
Experimenters 1st category of drug users
Begin using drugs largely because of peer pressure and curiosity, and they confine their use to recreational settings
Compulsive users 2nd category of drug users
Devote considerable time and energy into getting high, talk incessantly (sometimes exclusively) about drug use, and become connoisseurs of street drugs
Floaters or “chippers”
Focus more on using other people’s drugs without maintaining as much of a personal supply

35. Figure 01.CP01: Case in Point: Ignoring the Signs of Drug Abuse: A Hard Lesson Learned

36. Media Influence on Drug Use
The alcohol industry spends more than $1 billion on yearly advertising.
The advertising budget for Budweiser beer exceeds the entire budget for research on alcoholism and alcohol abusers.
Alcohol companies spent $4.9 billion on television advertising between 2001 and 2005.
Since the “Friends Don’t Let Friends Drive Drunk” Ad Council campaign began, 79% of Americans have stopped a friend from getting behind the wheel while intoxicated.

37. Why Are People So Attracted to Drugs?
People use drugs as a means to temporarily:
Experience pleasure or heighten good feelings
Relieve stress, tension, or anxiety
Forget one’s problems and avoid or postpone worries
Relax after a tension-filled day of work
Fit in with peers or as a rite of passage
Enhance religious or mystical experiences
Relieve pain and some symptoms of illness

38. When Does Use Lead to Abuse?
The amount of drug taken does not necessarily determine abuse.
The motive for taking the drug is the most important factor in determining presence of abuse.
Initial drug abuse symptoms include:
Excessive use
Constant preoccupation about the availability and supply of the drug
Refusal to admit excessive use
Reliance on the drug

39. Drug Dependence Both physical and psychological factors precipitate
Physical dependence refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which often include feelings of discomfort and illness.
Psychological dependence refers to the need that a user may feel for continued use of a drug in order to experience its effects and/or relieve withdrawal symptoms.

40. Figure 01.08: Stages of drug dependence

41. Stages of Drug Dependence
Relief—satisfaction from negative feelings in using the drug
Increased use—involves taking greater quantities of the drug
Preoccupation—consists of a constant concern with the substance
Dependency—a synonym for addiction, is when more of the drug is sought despite the presence of physical symptoms
Withdrawal—the physical and/or psychological effects from not using the drug

42. Costs of Drug Use to Society
Illness
Shortened lifespan
Broken home
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Criminal behavior
Drugs in the workplace
Cost of Assistance programs (e.g., Employee Assistance Programs [EAP’s])
What else caused $$ to society??

43. Drugs, crime, and violence
There are two views:
Criminal behavior develops as a means to support addiction
Criminality is inherently linked to the user’s personality and occurs independently of drug use

44. Drugs, crime, and violence Cont’d
Does drug addiction cause a person to engage in criminal behavior such as burglaries, theft etc. to pay for their drug use? Or does criminal behavior stem from an already existing criminal personality (Answers to these questions have never been clear)

45. Figure 01.T05: Percentage of State and Federal Inmates Reporting Being Under the Influence of Drugs at the Time of Their Offense: 2004

46. Drug Cartels
Large, highly sophisticated organizations composed of multiple drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) and cells with specific assignments such as drug transportation, security/enforcement, or money laundering
Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs)

47. Drug Testing
Used to identify those who may be using drugs
Urine, blood screening, or hair analysis
Duration of Detection /“Cut-Off” Levels
Urine Analysis:
Amphetamines—24–72 hours
Cocaine/Metabolite—24–72 hours
Opiates—24–72 hours
PCP—24–96 hours
THC/Metabolite—24 hours–3 weeks (depends on frequency of use)
Note: Hair analysis 1 to 3 months for all drugs listed above

48. Drug Testing (continued)
Approximately 70% of large companies test for drug use; 50% of medium companies and 22% of small companies drug test.
Over 90% use urine analysis, less than 20% use blood analysis, and less than 3% use hair analysis.
Most drug using youth do not cease drug use when they begin working.
Almost done 

49. Holistic Self-Awareness Approach
Holistic philosophy that advocates that the mind, body, and spirit work best when they are drug-free

50. Holistic Self-Awareness Approach
Defines as, emphasizes that non-medical and often recreational drug use interferes with the healthy balance among the:
MIND
BODY
SPIRIT

51. The End