1. Presentased by Dewi Ratna
The Demand For Children : Critical Essay Ronald D Lee & Rodolfo A bulatao
Presentased by Dewi Ratna

2. Introduction
Until 25 years ago, focus of demographic transition theory  trends in demand for children
Concept & measurement of demand :
economic costs & benefits of children
opportunity cost
tastes or personal preferences for childreninc
effects of income and wealth on demand are considered

3. The concept of demand
Refers to a decision maker’s views on alternate family building outcomes, abstracting from attitudes toward the family-building process  intercourse, contraception & breastfeeding
Reflects the desire for children, economic, timing, spacing, gender, & so on

4. Is “ Demand ” A meaningful Concept in Less Developed Countries (LDCs)?
Does an LDC formulate a desired family size?
Do they consider whether they would like to have another child?
Do they develop a sense of what sizes are too large or too small, based on their individual circumstance or the sosiocultural context?

5. Existing indirect empirical evidence suggests that the demand for children, as represented by family-size desires, is a sensible concept in many LDC populations
McClelland: Where some control of fertility is possible but fertility control is not widely available or may not even be considered.

6. Lindert, 1978 : pengaruh keinginan terhadap anak:
Waktu Terhadap keluarga
Kegiatan pasangan yang melibatkan anak
Sosial input
Jumlah saudara
Family expenditure

7. Time Cost Having Children
US Studies suggest that more – educated women put more time into the care they give each child ( leibowitz, 1974 )
Involving themselves more in such activities as playing with, reading, talking with, and teaching children ( Hill and Stafford, 1980 )
Higher education will presumbly contribute to higher value of time

8. Time Cost Having Children ( 2 )
Time costs will be lower where cheaper alternatives to parental care are available and acceptable: where relatives can help with childcare, where low-cost domestic labor can be hired, or where older children are not in school & can look after younger ones ( Standing, 1982 )
Time costs will be higher where female job opportunties are less compatible with child care

9. Opportunity Cost Having Children
Survey reports indicate a range of activities foregone by parents in MDCs – social activities, travel work, hobbies, study, shopping—as well as a general feeling many have of being tied downg tied down by children and unable to attend to their own desires ( Fawcett, 1982 )

10. Income , Wealth & Fertility
income presumably affects demand directly
children have a negative net asset value, but that couples nevertheless bear them because they provide satisfactions.
higher income would permit couples to have more children despite their expense, and the apparatus of consumer choice would less us to expect a positive effect of income on the demand for children.

11. Income , Wealth & Fertility ( 2 )
Women do not work outside the home if their husband’s income permits it; that is, “ wife-not-working” is a consumption good complementary with childrearing with positive income elasticity.
This relationship will tend to reduce the cost of children as income rises. This positive effect on fertility, however, may be balanced by the rising value of wife’s time

12. Tastes For Children
variation in fertility desires across religious and linguistic boundaries, across cultures, across societies at different levels of socioeconomic development, and even, possibly, across personality type

13. TERIMAKASIH