1. Lansdale, Pennsylvania
English 10
Grammar & Usage Review
North Penn High School
Lansdale, Pennsylvania
Mr. Scott Swindells

2. prepositional phrases capitalization the five-paragraph essay
English 10
Table of Contents
Grammar & Usage Review
(click a topic to learn more)
comparisons
parallel structure
gerund phrase
infinitive phrase
in/direct objects
homonyms
symbol, tone & irony
grammar websites
parts of speech
adverbs of manner
citing & quotations
participial phrases
titles of works
consistent tense
prepositional phrases
capitalization
the five-paragraph essay
subject/verb agreement
their, they're, there
embedding & the heuristic
using semi-colons
"who" vs. "whom"
sentence variety
using commas
run-on sentences
appositive phrases
using the hyphen
sentence fragments
clauses

3. parts of speech ADVERB NOUN adjective Verb
A word that describes or modifies a verb. Example: “Quickly” in the phrase “he ran quickly.”
To learn about adverbs of manner, click here.
NOUN
The part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action and can function as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or an appositive.
The part of speech that modifies a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying and distinguished in English morphologically by one of several suffixes, such as -able, -ous, -er, and -est, or syntactically by position directly preceding a noun or nominal phrase.
adjective
Verb
The part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence in most languages.
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USE:

4. "sinking" is a present participle from the verb "sink"
participle phrases
A participle is an adjective formed from a verb, when one changes a verb in order to make it describe.
Adding “-ing” to a verb makes a present participle.
A past participle is formed differently, since not all verbs form the past tense regularly.
"sinking" is a present participle from the verb "sink" A
participle
phrase
usually begins
with a
the verb "run" can become "running,"
the verb "eat" can become "eating"
"sunken" is the past participle of "sink"
We saw Mr. Swindells jumping into the lake.
Here the participle phrase “jumping into the lake" acts
as an adjective describing the proper noun “Mr. Swindells."
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(When a participle phrase is used to begin a sentence, it should be set off by a comma.)

5. prepositional phrases
Take a test
on Prepositions
prepositional phrases *
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition…
click here for a list of prepositions
… and usually ends with a noun or pronoun
(called the object of the preposition).
A prepositional phrase can act like an adjective
when it modifies a noun or pronoun...
...but it can also act as an adverb when it
modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb.
I tried on every dress in the store.
You can come to my house.
Noun being
modified
Prepositional
phrase
Verb phrase
Being modified
Prepositional
phrase
A quick note:
In the sentence, “Mr. Swindells hit the ball over the fence,” the prepositional phrase “over the fence” modifies the verb “hit,” because the phrase tells us more about the verb (it explains the distance of the hit). Don’t be confused — “over the fence” does not modify the noun “ball,” because — unless the ball was corked — going “over the fence” has nothing to do with the “ball.” It’s the “hit” that sends it out of the yard!
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6. subject/verb agreement Subject-Verb Agreement Powerpoint!
Click here
for Webster's
Subject-Verb Agreement Powerpoint!
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7. English teachers ... feel free
using semi-colons
Under Construction
English teachers ... feel free
to create this lesson!
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8. English teachers ... feel free
using commas
Under Construction
English teachers ... feel free
to create this lesson!
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9. 1. Use a hyphen to join two or more words
using the hyphen
Two words brought together as a compound may be written separately, as one word, or connected by hyphens. For example, three modern dictionaries all have the same listings for the following compounds: hair stylist hairsplitter hair-raiser
Another modern dictionary, however, lists hairstylist, not hair stylist. Compounding
is obviously in a state of flux, and authorities do not always agree in all cases,
but the uses of the hyphen offered here are generally agreed upon.
1. Use a hyphen to join two or more words
a one-way street chocolate-covered peanuts well-known author
However, when compound modifiers come after a noun, they are not hyphenated:
The peanuts were chocolate covered. The author was well known.
2. Use a hyphen with compound numbers:
forty-six sixty-three Our much-loved teacher was sixty-three years old.
3. Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or an awkward combination of letters:
re-sign a petition (vs. resign from a job)
4. Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex- (meaning former),
self-, all-; with the suffix -elect; between a prefix and a
capitalized word; and with figures or letters:
ex-husband self-assured mid-September all-inclusive mayor-elect anti-American T-shirt pre-Civil War mid-1980s
5. Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a line if necessary
(and make the break only between syllables)
pref-er-ence sell-ing in-di-vid-u-al-ist
Slide 2For line breaks, divide already hyphenated words
only at the hyphen: mass-produced
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10. Click here to learn about
adverbs of manner
Adverb, verb
Verb, adverb,
We use adverbs of manner to tell us how something happened. They describe the way or style of doing something:
You can dance well. She sang that song badly.
We usually put them at the end of the sentence, though sometimes they come before the main verb:
That book was written badly. That book was badly written.
Many of these adverbs end in -ly:
awkwardly, badly, coldly, desperately...
Common irregular adverbs
of manner include:
high, late, near, well
What is an adverb?
Click here to learn about
parts of speech!
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Information adapted from:

11. Identifying the titles of works
Scenes
Movies
Articles
Songs
Albums
Periodicals
No punctuation:
Names of bands, people, and places.
Titles of chapters.
The title as it appears before one’s own work.
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12. The names of languages, races, nationalities and religions
CAPITALIZATION RULES
1) Capitalize the pronoun I.   
Example: Jennifer and I went to the movies yesterday.
2) Capitalize the first letter of the first word of each sentence.   
Example: Learning to capitalize correctly will improve your writing.
3) Capitalize the first letter of names of people, organizations, and       places.   
Example: Juan went on a trip to Tokyo, Japan for his company, General Motors Corporation.
4) Capitalize the first letter of adjectives that are made from the       names of people and places.   
Example: I like Mexican food.
5) Capitalize initials   
Example: My brother's favorite author is H.G. Wells.
6) Capitalize the first letter of directions only when they are used       to designate actual places, not when they point in a direction.   
Example: When we visited the Southwest, we actually had to drive north.
7) Capitalize the first letter of the names of months and       the days of the week.   
Example: My birthday will be on a Friday next June.
capitalization
What to capitalize:
The pronoun "I"
The names of languages, races, nationalities and religions
The first letter of the first word of each sentence
Historical events and documents
The first letter of names of places, persons or organizations
The first letter of adjectives made from the names of persons or places
Initials
acronyms and initialisms
The first letter of important words in the title of a work
The first letter of directions only when they are used to indicate the names of places
The official title of a person, when used with his or her name
Words used as names or parts of names
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10) Capitalize the first letter of important words in a title of a        book, magazine, story, essay, etc.   
Example: I enjoyed Mark's essay, "The Truth About Being a Good Student."
11) Capitalize historical events and documents.   
Example: The Emancipation Proclamation was issued during the Civil War.
12) Capitalize the name of languages, races, nationalities, and        religions.   
Example: I learned in Spanish class that several Hispanics are Catholic.
13) Capitalize acronyms. (An acronym is a word formed by the        first, or first few, letters of words in a long name of an        organization.)   
Example: CARE is the Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere.
14) Capitalize initialisms. (An initialism is similar to acronym, but        a word is not formed from the letters.)   
Example: The Central Intelligence Agency is simply known as the CIA.

13. When to use "their," "they're," and "there"
If they are going they R-E- eally are going, so
If they’re there you know they’re not here, yo!
It really doesn’t matter, just lettin’ ya know
If they’re there with their, “E-I – E-I – Uh Oh!”
Mnemonic Device
They’re — contraction for “they are”
Think: “They R –E –eally” (say it like Jim Carrey) “must go!”
There — indicator of location
Think: “HERE or THERE?”
click here
for other
homynyms
Their — plural possessive
Think: “Are all farmers in dells so possessive of their ‘E-I’s?”
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14. Whom is used as an object. For "they" vs. "he or she," click here.
"who" vs. "whom"
Whom is used as an object.
Who is used as a subject.
Following these steps will help you to decide which form to use.
a. Isolate the clause which contains who or whom.
    ex: The man (who, whom) she thought was perfect jilted her.
                                                 (who, whom) was perfect
b. Substitute the word he for who and him for whom.
                                     he was perfect    or     him was perfect
c. Since he was perfect makes sense, you would use who.
d. Sometimes you will have to rearrange the clause into normal word order.
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For "they" vs. "he or she," click here.

15. What are some different ways of correcting this run-on?
run-on sentences
Run-on sentences contain multiple phrases that could each function on its own as a complete sentence. Run-ons often include more that one conjunction, such as multiple uses of “like,” “and," or “but.” To correct, change the word-order or punctuation.
What are some different ways of correcting this run-on?
I work at Foulkeways and it is a pretty good place to work, because the people who work there are nice, all except for Lori she is mean
One solution:
I work at Foulkeways. It is a pretty good place to work because the people who work there are nice, except for Lori. She is mean!
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16. English teachers ... feel free
sentence fragments
Under Construction
English teachers ... feel free
to create this lesson!
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17. How to quote & cite references English teachers ... feel free
Under Construction
English teachers ... feel free
to create this lesson!
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18. keeping tense consistent
Hey, you! Yeah, I’m talking to you. Don’t start writing in the past tense in the middle of a random paragraph when you’ve written the whole story in present tense up to that point! Look for unintentional shifts in tense when proofreading.
Careful proof-reading
will help students catch switches in tense in their writing.
We had been walking all day when we finally see the gate.
Come on! Catch this when proof-reading!
Correct the mistakes in verb tense from the paragraphs at this website:
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19. the five-paragraph essay
Introductory Paragraph
Tell readers what you are about to do.
3 Body Paragraphs:
Support your topic sentence with embedded details!
Concluding Paragraph
Tell readers what you just did. Summarize.
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20. embedding & the heuristic
embedding is
Including quotes, facts, or information from another source into your own writing to help defend your thesis.
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21. English teachers ... feel free
sentence variety
Under Construction
English teachers ... feel free
to create this lesson!
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22. giving life and vitality to writing
appositive phrases
An appositive is simply a noun or pronoun
that often comes directly after another word in
a sentence, putting that word in better context
by explaining it or by giving more information about it
1. John, the naughty boy, got a lump of coal in his stocking.
2.  The painting Starry Night is by artist Vincent Van Gogh
3.  Tom, my friend's brother, won the lottery.
4.  The car, a Corvette, rumbled down the road.
5.  Neil, the drummer for a successful rock band, performed at the stadium.
A very efficient way of
giving life and vitality to writing
is to use appositives and appositive phrases.
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23. English teachers ... feel free
all kinds of clauses
Under Construction
English teachers ... feel free
to create this lesson!
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24. homonyms They're there their Click here for a list of homonyms!
“They're are also homonyms; check there meaning their too.” —
Look over
They're
all winners
And this is
there
their
prize!
Click here for
a list of homonyms!
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25. click here for prep phrases!
prepositions up
after by
amid in
until
with
except of
behind
aboard
over
about
regarding
onto as
during
among
from
despite
since
against
between
aside from
throughout
during
down to
next to
but
off
below
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opposite
underneath
click here for prep phrases!

26. symbol, tone & irony symbol tone irony
Something that represents sonething else, especially concrete representation of moral or intellectual quality.
symbol
A manner of speaking or writing that shows a certain attitude on the part of the speaker or writer, consisting in choice of words, phrasing, etc.
tone
irony
A mode of speech in which the meaning is the opposite of that actually expressed.
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27. use "they" when writing or speaking about one person.
"THEY" vs. "HE" or "SHE"
They are up the creek
without a paddle
He is very strict
She is tired.
"They" is a plural noun!
DO NOT
use "they" when writing or speaking about one person.
If you want to write or speak about one person without giving away his or her gender…
One
one's
should never go to bed angry at
spouse.
his or her
(not “their spouse”)
Everyone is entitled to
opinion.
(not “their opinion”)
he or she
If you have a boyfriend or girlfriend,
can go too.
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(not “they can go too”)

28. Degrees of Comparison Comparative Superlative Postitive Largest Larger
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29. Click the square to make the sentence parallel!
Parallel Structure
Parallel Structure
Using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.
example:
I enjoy eat ice cream, tak baths, and when I go fishing.
ing
ing
go fishing.
ing
Click the square to make the sentence parallel!
Don’t take my word for it … to check out Purdue University’s OWL writing site for more on parallel structure, click here.
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30. Some useful grammar websites...
End
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