1. Root of Geography Based on two Greek words Geo - earth
Graphy – to write

2. Types of Geography Physical Geography Human Geography
Where and why natural forces occur as they do
Human Geography
Study of where and why human activities are located where they are

3. How Historians Work? Academic historians DO NOT Academic historians DO
just memorize facts, places, dates, and people
Academic historians DO
Find the connections between events

4. Why don’t we have anything from earlier?
Early Mapmaking
Babylonians
Drew maps on clay as early as 2300 B.C.
Why don’t we have anything from earlier?

5. Early Mapmaking Miletus
A port became the center of geographic thought around 800 B.C.

6. MILETUS

7. Early Mapmaking Thales (624-546 B.C.) Anaximander (610 -546 B.C.)
Applied principles of geometry to measure land
Anaximander ( B.C.)
Developed cylindrical maps of the world based on information from sailors

8. Early Mapmaking (cont.)
Hercatus ( B.C.)
First book devoted solely to geography
Aristotle ( B.C.)
First to demonstrate that Earth = spherical

9. Early Mapmaking (cont.)
Eratosthenes ( B.C.)
First to use the word geography and calculated circumference within .5% accuracy
Greek Ptolemy (A.D )
Used the information collected by Roman Empire to write the Guide to Geography
Developed basic principles of Map making

10. 15th Century Rendition of a Ptolemy World Map
What were the scale limitations placed on Ptolemy?

11. Early Mapmaking (cont.)
After Ptolemy
Little progress in mapmaking in Europe
Phei Hsiu (A.D. 267)
Father of Chinese topography
Developed a map describing the economic resources of each province
al-Idrisi ( )
Built on Ptolemy’s work making a world map
Ibn-Battutah ( )
Wrote Rihlah (Travels) based on three decades of journeys across the Muslim world of Northern Africa

12. Actually made for a Sicilian Merchant
Al-Idrisi’s Map
Actually made for a Sicilian Merchant

13. Early Mapmaking (cont.)
Age of Exploration and Discovery
Ptolemy’s maps were rediscovered which corresponded with increase exploration

14. Early Mapmaking (cont.)
Geradus Mercator( ) and Abraham Ortelius ( )
Used information collected by explorers to develop more accurate maps
Bernhardus Varenius ( )
Wrote the Geographia Generalis which stood as the standard treatise for 100 years

15. How Geographers Work? Geographers DO NOT Geographers DO
Just memorize places, geographic landmarks, cities, states, etc.
Geographers DO
Organize information by space

16. Current Debate of Focus
Globalization v. Local Diversity
Advantages and Disadvantages of Each?

17. Globalization v. Local Diversity

18. If We Know the Whole World Why Doesn’t Globalization Take Over?

19. How Do Examine the Relationship in these two Ideas?
MAPS!
- The most important tool for thinking spatially about the distribution of features

20. Maps
Two Purposes:
Stores reference material

21. Maps
Two Purposes:
2. Communicates geographic information

22. First Decision of a Cartographer
How much of the earth should the map show?
This is known as scale
Large Scale = less area, more detail
Small Scale = more area, less detail
Why were the earliest cartographers limited in their use of scale?

23. Scale Differences Maps of Washington State
Fig. 1-3: The effects of scale in maps of Washington State. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000)

24. Washington State (1:10 million scale)

25. Western Washington (1:1 million scale)

26. Seattle Region (1:100,000 scale)

27. Downtown Seattle, Washington (1:10,000 scale)

28. Orange you glad we talked about projections
Earth = round
Maps = flat
What problem does this create for a cartographer?
Orange you glad we talked about projections

29. Four Types of Distortion
Shape of an area can be distorted
Distance between two points may become increased or decreased
Relative Size of different areas may be altered
The direction from one place to another can be distorted

30. Equal Area Projections
Fig. 1-2: National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape

31. Equal Area Projections
Advantages:
- Relative sizes of landmasses are the same in reality
- Minimizes distortion in the shapes of landmasses
Disadvantages:
- Interruption of the Eastern and Western Hemisphere
- The meridians do not converge at the North and South Poles nor create right angles with parallels

32. Robinson Projection
Fig. 1-2: National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape

33. Robinson Projection Advantage:
Best for displaying information across the oceans
Disadvantage:
By allocating space for the oceans, land masses are much smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size

34. Mercator Projection
Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones each represent about 15° of longitude. They are often depicted using the Mercator projection.

35. Mercator Projection Advantages: Shape is distorted very little
Direction is consistent
Map is rectangular
Disadvantages:
Area is grossly distorted toward the poles
Makes high latitude place look much larger than they actually are

36. Cultural Landscape
The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape
Carl Sauer
“Recent Developments on Cultural Geography”
Layers of human activity

37. Cultural Landscape Sequent Occupance: Derwent Whittlesey
the clash and blend of brought cultural and technological traditions with those already existing in an area.

38. Ode to Cultural Landscape
Complex, Human
Changing, Adapting, Assimilating
As Revealing as Clues at a Crime Scene
Human Visible Imprint

39. Odes to the Five Themes Cinquain Poem Format: Title Two Adjectives
Three Verbs
Simile
Synonym for the First Line